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George Davis (7 November 1889 – 19 April 1965), was a Dutch-born American actor. He appeared in 261 films between 1916 and 1963.

He was born in Amsterdam, and died in Los Angeles, California from cancer.

Selected filmography

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Dr. Wilfred Edward Shewell-Cooper (1900 - 1982) was a British organic gardener and pioneer of no dig gardening. He was the author of Soil, Humus and Health (1975) , The Royal Gardeners (1952), Grow your own food supply (1939), The ABC of Vegetable Gardening (1937) and many other books on gardening. He was the founder in 1955 of the Good Gardeners Association. For many years his gardens at Arkley Manor were open to the public so his no dig methods, symbolised by a robin resting on a spade handle, could be seen first hand.

Family

He married Irene, with whom he wrote a cookery book Cook what you grow (1940). He had two sons Ramsay and Jeremy.

Childhood

He was born at Waltham Abbey, Essex in 1900 where his father was a major in the Royal Artillery and at the time the assistant superintendent of the gunpowder factory there. Moving from there to Blackheath then Penarth. Then before the outbreak of the first world war the family set sail on the Galaka for South Africa where they lived in Rondesbosch.

While there he went to school at Diocesan College, Rondesbosch.

Arkley Manor

In 1960 he moved to Arkley Manor, as recommended by Sir John Laing, which was to be his home for the rest of his life.

Bibliography

His published works include:

• The ABC of Vegetable Gardening (1937)
• The ABC of Fruit Growing (1938)
• Grow your own food supply (1939)
• Cook what you Grow (1940) with Irene Shewell-Cooper
• The Royal Gardeners (1952)
• The ABC of Gardening
• The ABC of the Greenhouse
• The ABC of Flower Growing
• The ABC of the Rock Garden and Pool
• The ABC of Bulbs and Corns
• The ABC of Soils, Humus and Health (1959)
• Herbs, Salads and Tomatoes (1961)
• Cut Flowers for the House (1970)
• Soil Humus & Health (1975)
• The Compost Fruit Grower (1975)
• The Compost Flower Grower
• Basic Book of Flower Gardening (1976)

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East Portlemouth

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East Portlemouth is a small Devon village situated at the southern end of the Kingsbridge Estuary. The village is sited on a hill giving views to the north to Kingsbridge and on a clear day as far as Dartmoor. There is a small ferry that runs to Salcombe and a beach that is popular with holiday makers.

This Devon location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Coordinates: 50°14?N 3°45?W? / ?50.233, -3.75

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Portlemouth”
Categories: Devon geography stubs | Villages in Devon

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Harding Academy (Nashville) is a K-8 co-educational day private school in the Nashville, Tennessee suburb of Belle Meade near the intersection of Harding Place and Harding Road (U.S. Highway 70S).

The mission statement for Harding Academy is: To educate and inspire children to become thoughtful, creative, lifelong learners who are self-disciplined, responsible, caring citizens. The school was founded in 1971, its current head is Ian Craig, and total enrollment is 474. Accreditations are from Southern Association of Independent Schools (SAIS) and Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS).

Harding Academy is a close-knit campus with facilities designed for both lower and middle school students. The lower school consists of 18 classrooms for grades K–5 as well as a kindergarten activity center, two science labs, and an art room. The middle school is housed in a separate building, which accommodates the departmental approach and a vast array of classic offerings in grades 6–8. There is also a fine arts center, a gymnasium, an outdoor amphitheater, playgrounds, dance and music rooms, a catered cafeteria for lunch, a computer room, and a library with over 18,000 volumes. The middle school is a fine facility and I reccomnd it to all.

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Junior Commissioned Officer (JCO) is a term describing a group of military ranks found in the Indian Army and Pakistan Army which correspond to warrant officers in other commonwealth armies. Those soldiers holding JCO rank receive a commission from the President, but this commission is of a lower status to that held by full commissioned officers.

During British rule, these officers were known as Viceroy’s Commissioned Officers (VCOs).

Senior non-commissioned officers are promoted to JCO rank on the basis of merit and seniority, restricted by the number of vacancies. Junior Commissioned Officers are treated as a separate class, and hold many additional privileges. In the army, they have a separate mess (the JCOs’ mess), get family quarters, and are authorized to travel in first class on the railways. With good pay and privileges, it is an ambition of most enlisted men to attain such rank.

JCOs often serve as platoon leaders in an infantry company, with a major as company commander and a captain as second-in-command.

Due to their long years of service, officers accord JCOs great respect and influence, especially in cases involving the enlisted ranks, their welfare and morale. Another custom religiously followed is that a JCO is never addressed using just his name or rank. The word Saheb (master), is added to as a suffix (e.g.: Subedar Saheb or <<Name>> Saheb). It is said that even the President of India has to follow this tradition.

The JCO ranks in the Indian Army (from highest to lowest) are:

• Subedar-Major (infantry and other arms)/Risaldar-Major (cavalry and armour)
• Subedar/Risaldar
• Naib Subedar/Naib Risaldar

The JCO equivalent (or Chief Petty) ranks in the Indian Navy are:

• Master Chief Petty Officer Class 1
• Master Chief Petty Officer Class 2
• Chief Petty Officer

The JCO equivalent (or Warranted) ranks in the Indian Air Force are:

• Master Warrant Officer
• Warrant Officer
• Junior Warrant Officer

While the Army JCOs receive a commission from the President, Naval Chief Petty ranks and the Air Force Warrant Ranks do not receive a Commission. Hence while they (Naval and Air Force) Ranks are roughly equivalent to JCOs in pay and status within the services, they are lower in precedence and protocol.

Sailors receive a President Warrant on promotion to the rank of Chief Petty Officer. This is a certificate issued by the Commodore Bureau of Sailors on behalf of the President of India to authenticate the promotion of a sailor to the Chief rank, as the CPO/MCPO II/MCPO I ranks are Junior Commissioned Ranks. The Warrant is made on pre-printed stationery written by hand.

Army JCOs are Group B officers with Class II Gazetted status. Navy Chief Petty and Air Force Warrant do not have gazetted status, with restrictions on certain privileges enjoyed by their Army counterparts. While Chief Petty Officer ranks in the Navy are not authorised with any form of salute, the JCOs and Warranted ranks are authorised salutes (including rifle salutes if given by an armed soldier or airman).

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Edward Silvio Emery is an American politician.

In 1976, 1978, and 1980, Emery ran as an independent against U.S. Rep. Thomas W. L. Ashley (D-Ohio). Each time, Emery came in a distant third in the race.

In 1998 and 2002, Emery was the nominee of the Republican party to contest the incumbency of Marcy Kaptur. Emery lost both these races.

In October 2003, Emery dressed as Arnold Schwarzenegger at a Halloween Party sponsored by the Greater Toledo Republican Club.

In 2004, Emery lost his bid for the Republican nomination to Larry A. Kaczala.

Emery again sought the Republican nomination against Marcy Kaptur in 2006. He faced Bradley S. Leavitt and Dirk Kubala in the May 2nd primary election. Bradley S. Leavitt won the Republican nomination for 2006, and then lost to Marcy Kaptur in the election that year.

Controversies

• In 1998, he was arrested for stalking a neighbor and resisting arrest.
• In 2008, he was accused of stealing scrap metal.

See also

• Election Results, U.S. Representative from Ohio, 9th District

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Tables of natural history, this 1728666 Cyclopaedia

Natural history is the scientific research of plants or animals, leaning more towards the observational than experimental methods of study, and encompasses more research that is published in magazines than in academic journals. A person who studies natural history is known as a naturalist. Grouped among the natural sciences, Natural history is the systematic study of any category of natural objects or organisms. That is a very broad designation in a world filled with many narrowly focused disciplines, so while modern natural history dates historically from studies in the ancient Greco-Roman world and then the medieval Arabic world through to the scattered European Renaissance scientists working in near isolation, today’s field is more of a cross discipline umbrella of many specialty sciences that like geobiology have a strong multi-disciplinary nature combining scientists and scientific knowledge of many specialty sciences.

Description

Natural history involves the research and formation of statements that make elements of life and life styles comprehensible by describing the relevant structures, operations and circumstances of various species, such as diet, reproduction, and social grouping. The term has grown to be an umbrella term for what are now often viewed as several distinct scientific disciplines of integrative organismal biology. Most definitions include the study of living things (e.g. biology, including botany and zoology); other definitions extend the topic to include paleontology, ecology or biochemistry, as well as parts of geology and climatology.

Today, well into the scientific revolution, natural history is sometimes considered an archaic term in the scientific community, since in its cross-discipline form usually leans toward the observational rather than the experimental, and encompasses more research that is published in general information (popular) magazines than in academic journals. As an umbrella science, this is perhaps inevitable, and such cross disciplinary articles have their counterpart papers in many professional journals as well—which are frequently cited in the popular articles. That many advances, even in specialties, could not have been made without such cross-fertilization of strong points is beyond contestation. No one thirty years ago could have foreseen how genetics, has remade and impacted other science, nor radiometrics and other analytical methods that have proved useful in many fields.

In the past, during the heyday of the gentleman scientists, natural history was strongly associated with (and hardly distinguished from) natural philosophy for many figures contributed in both areas and early papers of both fields were commonly read at early professional science societies meetings such as the Royal Society and French Academy of Sciences—both founded during the early industrial revolution in the seventeenth century.

In the eighteenth century and well into the nineteenth century, natural history, as a term, was frequently used to refer to all descriptive aspects of the study of nature—what today are called natural sciences—as opposed to political, ecclesiastical or other human-related history. In that era, where knowledge was divided into two main branches, the humanities including theology—which was considered by far the most important discipline in the mindset of the age until about the late seventeenth century—and the studies of nature, it was the counterpart to the analytical study of nature, natural philosophy, which today we call the physical sciences. Spurred by the industrial revolution, the later became ascendant, natural history grew alongside it—mostly spurred by needs to analyze rock strata and find mineable mineral deposits, and the modern world gradually took place with a very different set of priorities and mindsets, as new sciences such as psychology emerged with expanding knowledge.

Furthermore, in modern usage as a term, natural history’s sense has become narrowed and more tightly focused, and more often refers to matters relating to biology (the study of living organisms such as plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, etc. and their relationships in natural systems)—but such also encompasses paleobiology, paleozoology, etcetera and so weds the field strongly with many earth sciences like geology and its disciplines such as stratigraphy and petrology. In contrast, until the twentieth century, it had the designation as the study of all things in the natural world, such as rocks and minerals (geology), atoms and molecules (chemistry), and even the universe at large (astronomy, physics, astrophysics), etc.

It has historically been an often somewhat haphazard or less strictly organized study, description, and classification of natural objects, such as animals, plants, minerals, and placed an importance and significance on fieldwork as opposed to the more systematic scientific investigation such as experimental or lab work. A person interested in natural history is known as a naturalist or natural historian. Natural History is not now commonly applied to the fields of astronomy, physics, or chemistry., as briefly discussed above. However, it sometimes even includes the disciplines of anthropology and archaeology.

Natural history involves the research and formation of statements that make elements of life and the world of living beings comprehensible by describing the relevant structures, operations, relationships (in natural or “eco”systems, as well as the biosphere as a whole (i.e. the sum total of life on our planet))and circumstances of various species, such as diet, reproduction, and social grouping. The term has grown to be an umbrella term for what are now often viewed as several distinct scientific disciplines of integrative organismal biology. Most definitions include the study of living things (e.g. biology, including botany and zoology); other definitions extend the topic to include paleontology, ecology or biochemistry, as well as parts of geology and climatology.

History of natural history

The roots of natural history go back to Aristotle and other ancient philosophers who analyzed the diversity of the natural world. From the ancient Greeks until the work of Carolus Linnaeus and other 18th century naturalists, the central concept tying together the various domains of natural history was the scala naturae or Great Chain of Being, which arranged minerals, vegetables, more primitive or “lower” forms of animals, and more advanced or “higher” life forms on a linear scale of increasing “perfection”, culminating in our species.

While natural history was basically static in medieval Europe, it continued to flourish in the medieval Arabic world during the Arab Agricultural Revolution. In zoology, Al-Jahiz described early evolutionary ideas such as the struggle for existence. He also introduced the idea of a food chain, and was an early adherent of environmental determinism. Al-Dinawari is considered the founder of Arabic botany for his Book of Plants, in which he described at least 637 plants and discussed plant evolution from its birth to its death, describing the phases of plant growth and the production of flowers and fruit. Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati developed an early scientific method for botany, introducing empirical and experimental techniques in the testing, description and identification of numerous materia medica, and separating unverified reports from those supported by actual tests and observations. His student Ibn al-Baitar wrote a pharmaceutical encyclopedia describing 1,400 plants, foods, and drugs, 300 of which were his own original discoveries. A Latin translation of his work was useful to European biologists and pharmacists in the 18th and 19th centuries. Earth sciences such as geology were also studied extensively by Arabic geologists.

From the 13th century, the work of Aristotle was adapted rather rigidly into Christian philosophy, particularly by Thomas Aquinas, forming the basis for natural theology. In the Renaissance, scholars (herbalists and humanists, particularly) returned to direct observation of plants and animals for natural history, and many began to accumulate large collections of exotic specimens and unusual monsters. The rapid increase in the number of known organisms prompted many attempts at classifying and organizing species into taxonomic groups, culminating in the system of the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus.

In the eighteenth century and well into the nineteenth century, natural history as a term was frequently used to refer to all descriptive aspects of the study of nature, as opposed to political, ecclesiastical or other human-related history; it was the counterpart to the analytical study of nature, natural philosophy. Roughly, it may be said that natural philosophy corresponded to modern physics and chemistry, while natural history included the biological and geological sciences, although the terminology was, and remains fairly flexible.

In modern Europe, professional disciplines such as physiology, botany, zoology, geology, and palaeontology were formed. Natural history, formerly the main subject taught by college science professors, was increasingly scorned by scientists of a more specialized manner and relegated to an “amateur” activity, rather than a part of science proper. Particularly in Britain and the United States, this grew into specialist hobbies such as the study of birds, butterflies, seashells (malacology/conchology), beetles and wildflowers; meanwhile, scientists tried to define a unified discipline of biology (though with only partial success, at least until the modern evolutionary synthesis). Still, the traditions of natural history continued to play a part in late nineteenth- and early twentieth century biology, especially ecology (the study of natural systems involving living organisms and the inorganic components of the earth’s biosphere that support them), ethology (the scientific study of animal behavior), and evolutionary biology (the study of the relationships between life-forms over very long periods of time), and re-emerges today as integrative organismal biology.

Amateur collectors and natural history entrepreneurs played an important role in building the large natural history collections of the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, particularly the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History.

Natural history museums

Main articles: :Category:Natural history museums and Natural history museum

Many landmark institutions are Natural History Museums, such as the Natural History Museum in London, the Hancock Museum in Newcastle Upon Tyne, the Humboldt Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, the Grigore Antipa Museum of Natural History in Bucharest, the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History in Washington D.C., the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture in Seattle, the Peabody Museum of Natural History in New Haven, and the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, which also publishes a magazine called Natural History.

Natural history museums, which evolved from cabinets of curiosities, played an important role in the emergence of professional biological disciplines and research programs. Particularly in the 19th century, scientists began to use their natural history collections as teaching tools for advanced students and the basis for their own morphological research.

Natural history and naturalist societies

The term “natural history” alone, or sometimes together with archeology, forms the name of many national, regional and local natural history societies that maintain records for birds (ornithology), mammals (mammalogy), insects (entomology), fungi (mycology) and plants (botany). They may also have microscopical and geological sections.

Examples of these societies in Britain include the Natural History Society of Northumbria founded in 1829, British Entomological and Natural History Society founded in 1872, Birmingham Natural History Society, Glasgow Natural History Society, London Natural History Society founded in 1858, Manchester Microscopical and Natural History Society established in 1880, Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Society and the Sorby Natural History Society, Sheffield, founded in 1918. The growth of natural history societies was also spurred due to the growth of British colonies in tropical regions with numerous new species to be discovered. Many civil servants took an interest in their new surroundings, sending specimens back to museums in Britain. (See also Indian natural history)

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Natural history

• Natural philosophy
• Natural science
• Naturalism (philosophy)
• Nature documentary
• Nature writing
• Nature
• Nature study
• Big History
• Terra: The Nature of Our World (video podcast)
• Timeline of evolution

References

Citations and notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Natural History WordNet Search, princeton.edu.
2. ^ Primate Glossary - National Zoo| FONZ
3. ^ ^{a b} nature glossary
4. ^ “Great Apes & Other Primates”, http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Primates/glossary.cfm, retrieved on 21 June 2008. 
5. ^ Mehmet Bayrakdar, “Al-Jahiz And the Rise of Biological Evolutionism”, The Islamic Quarterly, Third Quarter, 1983, London.
6. ^ Conway Zirkle (1941), Natural Selection before the “Origin of Species”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 84 (1): 71-123.
7. ^ Frank N. Egerton, “A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 6: Arabic Language Science - Origins and Zoological”, Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, April 2002: 142-146
8. ^ Lawrence I. Conrad (1982), “Taun and Waba: Conceptions of Plague and Pestilence in Early Islam”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 25 (3), pp. 268-307 .
9. ^ Fahd, Toufic, “Botany and agriculture”, pp. 815 , in Morelon, Régis & Roshdi Rashed (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, vol. 3, Routledge, ISBN 0415124107
10. ^ Huff, Toby (2003), The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West, Cambridge University Press, p. 218, ISBN 0521529948 
11. ^ Diane Boulanger (2002), “The Islamic Contribution to Science, Mathematics and Technology”, OISE Papers, in STSE Education, Vol. 3.

General information

• Herman, Stephen G. Wildlife biology and natural history: time for a reunion. Journal of Wildlife Management (2002) 66(4):933–946
• Kohler, Robert E. Landscapes and Labscapes: Exploring the Lab-Field Border in Biology. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 2002.
• Mayr, Ernst. The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1982.
• Rainger, Ronald; Keith R. Benson; and Jane Maienschein, editors. The American Development of Biology. University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia, 1988.

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District of Lugano in the canton Ticino

The district of Lugano (also called Luganese) is a district of Canton Ticino, Switzerland.

Circles and municipalities

The district of Lugano has 86 municipalities divided in 12 circles:

• Circle of Lugano ovest: Lugano (east of Cassarate river);
• Circle of Lugano est: Lugano (west of Cassarate river);
• Circle of the Ceresio: Maroggia, Rovio, Brusino Arsizio, Arogno, Melano, Bissone;
• Circle of Carona: Paradiso, Carona, Melide, Carabbia, Barbengo, Morcote, Vico Morcote, Carabietta, Grancia, Collina d’Oro;
• Circle of the Magliasina: Caslano, Pura, Ponte Tresa, Curio, Neggio, Magliaso;
• Circle of Agno: Agno, Bioggio, Iseo, Muzzano, Cademario, Vernate;
• Circle of Sessa: Sessa, Astano, Bedigliora, Croglio, Monteggio;
• Circle of Sonvico: Sonvico, Cimadera, Villa Luganese, Certara, Bogno, Valcolla, Cadro;
• Circle of Vezia: Vezia, Cureglia, Cadempino, Lamone, Comano, Sorengo, Massagno, Savosa, Porza, Canobbio;
• Circle of Breno: Alto Malcantone, Novaggio, Miglieglia, Aranno;
• Circle of Capriasca: Capriasca, Corticiasca, Bidogno, Ponte Capriasca, Lugaggia, Origlio;
• Circle of Taverne: Taverne-Torricella, Rivera, Bironico, Camignolo, Mezzovico-Vira, Sigirino, Bedano, Gravesano, Manno.

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Fringed Tree Frog
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order: Anura Family: Hylidae Genus: Litoria Species: L. eucnemis
Binomial name
Litoria eucnemis (Lönnberg, 1900)

The Fringed Tree Frog (Litoria eucnemis) is a species of frog in the Hylidae family. It is found in Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, rivers, intermittent rivers, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.

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William Ransom Johnson Pegram, known as “Willie” or “Willy”, (June 29, 1841 – April 2, 1865) was an important young artillery officer in Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War. He was mortally wounded in the Battle of Five Forks. He was the younger brother of Confederate General John Pegram, who was also killed in action. His grandfather, John Pegram, was a major general during the War of 1812.

Early life

Born in a house along Main Street in Richmond, Virginia, Pegram was a student at the University of Virginia’s law school when the Civil War broke out in 1861.

Civil War

Pegram quickly enlisted in an artillery battery from Richmond known as the “Purcell Artillery” in April 1861. The youthful Pegram would become General A.P. Hill’s favorite artillery officer. He gained a reputation for his scholarly looks—extreme nearsightedness required that he wear his gold-rimmed spectacles even in the heat of battle–and for his utter fearlessness in battle. Confederate General Henry Heth commented that Pegram was “one of the few men who, I believe, was supremely happy when in battle.” One of his soldiers recalled that Pegram thought “A soldier should always seek the most desperate post that has to be filled.”

Pegram amassed a commendable combat record during the Civil War, first with A.P. Hill’s famous “Light Division” and then with Hill’s Third Corps. He fought in virtually every major action in the Eastern theater in which the Army of Northern Virginia was engaged.

Willy Pegram rose through the ranks from private to colonel of artillery in command of sixty guns. There was a movement afoot to make him a general, but nothing ever came of it. It is said that both division level commanders Henry Heth and Richard H. Anderson separately asked for his promotion and assignment to command of an infantry brigade, and A.P. Hill endorsed Heth’s recommendation of Pegram: “No officer of the Army of Northern Virginia has done more to deserve this promotion than lieutenant colonel Pegram.” But Lee did not promote Pegram, saying, “He is too young—how old is Colonel Pegram?” Heth had answered: “I do not know, but I suppose about 25.” Lee replied: “I think a man of 25 is as good as he ever will be; what he acquires after that age is from experience; but I can’t understand, when an officer is doing excellent service where he is, why he should want to change.” And so, the recommendations for Pegram to be promoted were returned with the statement that “the artillery could not lose the services of so valuable an officer.” Indeed, many thought that Pegram was the best gunner in the Army of Northern Virginia.

Willy’s older brother, John, was a West Point graduate of the class of 1854. John was killed at the Battle of Hatcher’s Run in February 1865. The death devastated Willy, who had always been close to his older brother.

Death

Willy Pegram once stated, “Men, whenever the enemy takes a gun from my battery, look for my dead body in front of it.” On April 1, 1865, at the Battle of Five Forks, a battle Southern historian Douglas Southall Freeman deemed “a day of disaster not to be recorded solely in terms of four guns lost or of good soldiers captured,” Pegram finally suffered the loss of one of his guns while he lay mortally wounded beside it. He lingered into the evening, dying at 8 o’clock the next morning. He was buried in Richmond’s Hollywood Cemetery.

Pegram went by the nickname of Willy or Willie. His family members apparently used the spelling of “Willy” as does his modern biographer. Freeman, and many other Civil War authors, spell the name as “Willie.” General Joseph R. Anderson, of Tredegar Iron Works fame, married Pegram’s sister Mary Evans in 1881.

References

• Carmichael, Peter, Lee’s Young Artillerist: William R.J. Pegram. University Press of Virginia, 1995.

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