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Sen-hime (??,) the eldest daughter of Tokugawa Hidetada

Hime (?^?) is the Japanese word for princess or a lady of higher birth. Although “princess” is usually given as the translation, daughters of a monarch are actually referred to by other terms, e.g. ?jyo (??), literally king’s daughter, even though Hime can be used to address ?jyo. The word Hime initially referred to any beautiful female. The antonym of Hime is Shikome (??), literally ugly female, though it is archaic and rarely used. Hime may also indicate feminine or simply small when used together with other words, such as Hime-gaki (a low line of hedge).

Hime is commonly seen as part of the Japanese female divinity’s name such as Toyotama-hime. The Kanji applied to transliterate Hime are ?? or ?? rather than ?. The masculine counterpart of Hime is Hiko (?, ?? or ??,) which is seen as part of the Japanese male gods’ name such as Saruta-hiko. Unlike Hime, Hiko is neutral, non-archaic and still commonly applied in modern Japanese male given name, for example Nobuhiko Takada.

Proverb

• Ichi hime ni taro (eechee heemeh nee tahroh) “First baby, a girl. Second baby, a boy“: It originally meant that having a girl first, and a boy second was easier on the mother as she gained experience before nurturing a boy. However, with each household having less children, this is commonly confused as having “one girl and two boys”, or three children. This is because “ichi” means “one” in Japanese and “ni” means “two” in Japanese, therefore could be read as, “One girl, two boys.”

Usage

Historical

• Himiko Some believe that Himiko is a transliteration from Japanese to Chinese of Himemiko or female shaman.
• Sen Hime (Princess Sen, eldest daughter Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada)
• Soga no Kitashihime (daughter of Emperor Kimmei)
• Toku Hime (1565–1615) (second daughter of Tokugawa Ieyasu)
• Tokuhime (daughter of Oda Nobunaga)
• Komatsuhime (daughter of Honda Tadakatsu)
• Nohime (wife of Oda Nobunaga)

Literature

• Kaguya-hime (The Moon-Princess, folk tale)
• Tsubaki-hime (??, a common Japanese translation of the French work The Lady of the Camellias)

Popular culture

• Shikabane Hime
• Anmitsu Hime (The Sugar Princess, anime and manga series)
• Mai-Hime (anime series; here, “HiME” is actually an acronym, standing for “Highly-advanced Materializing Equipment”)
• Mononoke Hime (Princess Mononoke, film)
• Tsunade (Naruto) is often referred to as ‘Tsunade-hime’ by former team-mate Jiraiya amongst others in the original Japanese.
• Orihime Inoue is often referred to by her last name, or occasionally ‘Hime-chan’ by other characters.
• Cagalli and Lacus, referred sometimes as “Hime-Sama”, in Gundam Seed and Gundam Seed Destiny
• Hime-sama Goyoujin (Please protect the Princess)
• Yanagi Sakoshita is always called hime by Recca Hanabishi relating to a princess-ninja relation between the two.( Flame of Recca anime and manga series )
• Sakura in Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle is referred to as Sakura-hime by Syaoran because she is the princess of the kingdom of Clow.
• Hime (rapper), Japanese female hip hop artist born in 1979
• Hime, the lead character in the anime and manga series Princess Resurrection.
• Shurei Hong, eldest daughter and firstborn of the noble Hong clan in the anime/magna Saiunkoku Monogatari. Her proper title of address is Hime-san, meaning “Princess” or “Your Ladyship”

Sakura Hime Kaden, a manga by Arina Tanemura Fushigi Hoshi no Futago Hime, a Japanese anime

Castle

• Himeji Castle

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scott catalogue

Crooksbury Common

Puttenham & Crooksbury Commons lie to the south of the Hog’s Back which runs between Farnham and Guildford in Surrey, England. The commons are sites of special scientific interest (SSSI) and are managed by English Nature. Both commons lie on greensand and are covered with heathland.

Crooksbury Common

Crooksbury hill at 162 metres, is the highest point on Crooksbury Common. Atop the hill lies a triangulation point with views over the valley towards Hindhead and Gibbet Hill. It was mentioned in a Sherlock Holmes short story, “The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist”, in which Holmes is called upon to solve a singularly interesting case involving Miss Violet Smith.

The name Crooksbury is of Celtic origin. The fragments ‘cruc’ or ‘crug’ refer to burial mounds usually on a hill-top, which may pertain to fact there are earthworks on the flank of Crooksbury hill one of which is called Soldier’s Ring.

Puttenham Common

The view from Puttenham Common top car park

Surrey Wildlife trust notes that Puttenham Common is of archaeological interest. There is a hill fort at Hillbury which is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, probably dating back to the Iron Age. The site can be found on the highest point of the hill above Cutmill pond.

References

1. ^ Guildford Borough
2. ^ Surrey Wildlife trust - Puttenham Common

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The Science & Technology Centre viewed from the car park

The Science & Technology Centre viewed from the campus

The University of Reading Science & Technology Centre is a science and technology centre situated on the Whiteknights Campus of the University of Reading, in the English city of Reading. Along with the adjoining Reading Enterprise Hub business incubator, the Science & Technology Centre forms part of the University of Reading’s growing Enterprise Zone which supports and accommodates technology companies from start-up through to larger SMEs.

List of occupants

The following companies are based at, or have been based at, the Science & Technology Centre:

• Assuria Ltd
• BioInteractions Ltd
• Dextra Laboratories Ltd
• e-mpirical Ltd
• FT Technologies
• International Food Network Ltd
• Lysis Consulting Ltd
• MNLpharma
• Pharmaterials Ltd
• Reading Scientific Services Ltd
• RIPE
• RQA Europe Limited
• Sensory Dimensions
• Sensory Visions
• The Britech Foundation Ltd
• Weather Informatics Ltd

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

References

1. ^ “Science & Technology Centre - Business Zone”. University of Reading. http://www.rdg.ac.uk/STC/businesszone/businesszone.htm. Retrieved on April 21 2007. 
2. ^ “Science & Technology Centre - Companies”. University of Reading. http://www.rdg.ac.uk/STC/businesszone/companies.htm. Retrieved on April 21 2007. 

hp w2207 22-inch widescreen flat

Bavegem

Jump to: navigation, search

Bavegem is a small village in East-Flanders, Belgium, part of the municipality of Sint-Lievens-Houtem.

A specific landscape is the classified and protected landscape around “de oude linde”, between Bavegem, Vlierzele and Oordegem.

This Tilium is known in old stories and myths in the neighbourhood. It’s supposed to be a location for witchcraft.

It’s also the location of the big milk company Inex.

The neighbouring villages are:

• Vlierzele
• Oordegem
• Oosterzele
• Sint-Lievens-Houtem
• Letterhoutem

This East Flanders location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Coordinates: 50°57?N 3°52?E? / ?50.95°N 3.867°E? / 50.95; 3.867

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavegem”
Categories: East Flanders geography stubs | Witchcraft | Villages in Belgium

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Symbol Flower Tower with Flame

The Hiroshima Flower Festival is the Festival for the world Peace from Hiroshima, Japan with smiles of the people with flowers.

Overview

Hiroshima Flower Festival has been held every year from the 3rd to the 5th of May, during Golden Week since 1977.

Local citizens participate in the parade and Yosakoi dancing on Peace Boulevard.

There are a lot of stages, shops, a small zoo and other amusement attractions along Peace Boulevard and in Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. A lot of concerts, dancing shows, fashion shows, talk shows, traditional and contemporary performances featuring local citizens and other events are held throughout the area.

The origin of the Flower Festival is the Central League Champion parade for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp in 1975.

More than one million people take part in the festival each year.

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dodge gmc

The Ballad of Calico
Studio album by Kenny Rogers and the First Edition
Released	1972
Label	Reprise
Kenny Rogers and the First Edition chronology
Transition (1971) The Ballad of Calico (1972) Back Roads (1972)

The Ballad of Calico was the eighth studio album by Kenny Rogers and the First Edition and released as Reprise Records 6476. It reached #118 on the albums chart and produced one single, “School Teacher” which reach #91. The album was released in 1972. The album is a country-rock concept album about the real-life town of Calico, California. The entire double album was written by Michael Murphey and Larry Cansler and the songs tell the stories of individuals who lived in the town.

The various members, not just Rogers, took lead vocals on the different songs, giving the album the sound of it coming from the characters themselves. A booklet with the album includes pictures of the group in period costumes, pictures of the town, and the lyrics written in long-hand with explanations by Murphey about the origins of the individual songs. As of March, 2007, the album remains out of print, though several songs from the album have been released on compilation LPs and CDs.

The individual songs

Side one

The album begins with the instrumental “Sunrise Overture” then goes into “Calico Silver” about a man leaving his farm after a drought to a take a job in the silver mines near the town of Calico. “Write Me Down” is about the people who were forgotten over time. “The Way It Used to be” is about day-to-day life in Calico. “Madame De Lil and Diaboilical Bill”, the saloon keeper who scares her boyfriend out of town when she finds out he’s stealing from her.

Side two

Side Two begins with “School Teacher”, the teacher who faces being an old maid (The teacher, Virginia Merritt, was actually 20 years old at the time and married soon after she left Calico). “Road Agent”, about a dead road agent. “Sally Grey’s Epitaph” was based almost verbatim on a gravestone in the town cemetery. “Dorsey, the Mail-Carrying Dog”, the dog who delivers mail for the disabled postmaster. This song has each member of the group bark like a dog (which is broken by them laughing). The last song suddenly ends with the last phrase “your carrying dog” cut off.

Side three

Side Three begins with the missing phrase appearing and immediately going into the first song, “Harbor for My Soul”. “Calico Saturday Night” is an instrumental, followed by “Trigger Happy Kid” about a young boy who idolizes gunfighters. Side Three closes with “Vachel Carling’s Rubilator”, is about a man who creates some kind of new invention which takes over the town.

Side four

“Empty Handed Compadres” is about prospectors who returned without anything. “One Lonely Room” is about a man who never leaves the town after it becomes a ghost town. “Rockin’ Chair Theme” is a brief instrumental leading into the next song, “Old Mojave Highway” about the road itself which crossed the desert (now the pathway of Interstate 15). “Man Came up from Town” is about remains of early man later found in the mountains. The album closes with “Calico Silver (reprise)” in which the silver runs out and the town becomes a ghost town.

Track listing

Side one

1. “Sunrise Overture”
2. “Calico Silver”
3. “Write Me Down (Don’t Forget My Name)”
4. “The Way It Used to be”
5. “Madame De Lil and Diabolical Bill”

Side two

1. “School Teacher”
2. “Road Agent”
3. “Sally Grey’s Epitaph”
4. “Dorsey, the Mail-Carrying Dog”

Side three

1. “Harbor for My Soul”
2. “Calico Saturday Night”
3. “Trigger Happy Kid”
4. “Vachel Carling’s Rubilator”

Side four

1. “Empty Handed Compadres”
2. “One Lonely Room”
3. “Rockin’ Chair Theme”
4. “Old Mojave Highway”
5. “Man Came up from Town”
6. “Calico Silver (reprise)”

safari instep

Average Weight By Height

Frozen River
Original poster
Directed by	Courtney Hunt
Produced by	Heather Rae Chip Hourihan
Written by	Courtney Hunt
Starring	Melissa Leo Misty Upham Charlie McDermott Michael O’Keefe Mark Boone Junior Zack Rees
Music by	Peter Golub Shahzad Ali Ismaily
Cinematography	Reed Dawson Morano
Editing by	Kate Willams
Distributed by	Sony Pictures Classics
Release date(s)	August 1, 2008
Running time	93 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Gross revenue	$4,028,957 (Worldwide)

Frozen River is a 2008 American drama film written and directed by Courtney Hunt. The screenplay focuses on two working class women who smuggle illegal immigrants in the trunk of a car from Canada to the United States in order to make ends meet.

Plot

The film is set in the North Country of Upstate New York, near the Akwesasne (Where the Partridge Drum) St. Regis Mohawk Reservation and the Canadian border, shortly before Christmas. Ray Eddy is a discount store clerk struggling to raise two sons with her husband, a compulsive gambler who has disappeared with the funds she had earmarked to finance the purchase of a double-wide mobile home. While searching for him, she encounters Lila Littlewolf, a Mohawk bingo parlor employee who is driving his car, which she claims she found abandoned with the keys in the ignition at the local bus station. The two women, who have fallen on hard economic times, form a desperate and uneasy alliance and begin trafficking illegal immigrants from Canada into the United States across the frozen St. Lawrence River for $1200 each per crossing.

Ray’s older son T.J. wants to find a job and help support the family so they can afford to eat something more substantial than popcorn and Tang. He and his mother clash over whether he should remain in high school and look after his little brother Ricky or drop out to work. Lila longs for the day she will be able to reclaim and live with her young son, who was taken from her by her mother-in-law immediately after his birth.

Because the women’s route takes them from an Indian reservation in the US to an Indian reserve in Canada, they hope to avoid detection by local law enforcement. However, their problems escalate when they are asked to smuggle a Pakistani couple and Ray, fearful their duffel bag might contain explosives, leaves it behind in sub-freezing temperatures, only to discover it contained their infant baby when they arrive at their destination. She and Lila retrace their route and find the bag and the baby, which Lila insists is dead, but he revives moments before being reunited with his parents. The experience leaves her shaken and she announces she no longer wants to participate in the smuggling operation. But Ray, needing just one more crossing to finance the final payment on her mobile home, coerces her into joining her for one last journey, a decision both will come to regret.

Production

In an interview screenwriter/director Courtney Hunt conducted shortly before the film’s release, she discussed its prevalent theme of a mother’s love for her children being a culturally universal trait. She stated the most important moment in her life was the birth of her daughter and how that event made all her other goals lesser priorities. By showing how such intimacy knows no bounds, culturally or socially, Hunt said she hoped her film would enable audiences to break down their assumptions about others around them.

Hunt’s husband is from Malone, New York, and whenever the two visited his family they heard stories about Mohawks smuggling cigarettes by driving across the Saint Lawrence River when it freezes. She thought the concept was an interesting subject for a film but had a hard time getting any financial backers because so few people knew about the issue. She met cinematographer Marc Blandori and actress Melissa Leo at the FilmColumbia 2003 Film Festival in Chatham, New York and both agreed to join the project, which prompted some interest in it. Their first effort was a short film shot at Akwesasne near Massena, New York. Hunt showed it at several festival screenings and shopped it to producers until she finally acquired enough funding for a feature film. It was shot in sub-freezing temperatures on location in Clinton County and Beekmantown and in the area around Plattsburgh over a period of twenty-four days in March 2007.

The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and was shown at the MoMA Film Exhibition, the Seattle International Film Festival, the Provincetown International Film Festival, the Nantucket Film Festival, the Melbourne International Film Festival, and the Traverse City Film Festival before going into limited theatrical release in the United States on Friday, August 1, 2008. It opened on seven screens and earned $70,234 on its opening weekend. At its widest release it was shown in only ninety-six theatres, and it never ranked higher than #29 at the box office. It eventually grossed $2,503,902 in the US and $1,525,055 in foreign markets for a total worldwide box office of $4,028,957.

Cast

• Melissa Leo ….. Ray Eddy
• Misty Upham ….. Lila Littlewolf
• Charlie McDermott ….. Troy J. ‘T.J.’ Eddy
• Michael O’Keefe ….. State Trooper Finnerty
• James Reilly ….. Ricky Eddy
• Mark Boone Junior ….. Jacques Bruno
• Dylan Carusona ….. Jimmy
• Jay Klaitz ….. Guy Versailles
• Michael Sky ….. Billy Three Rivers
• John Canoe ….. Bernie Littlewolf
• Rajesh Bose ….. Pakistani Father
• Gargi Shinde ….. Pakistani Mother

Critical reception

Critical reception was very positive and the film received an aggregate of 87% on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes. Mark Bourne wrote,”Frozen River let me forget I was watching a movie, something that didn’t happen often in 2008″. Melissa Leo’s performance got a lot of praise. Dustin Hoffman said it best back in November 2008 when he talked to Variety about Leo’s performance:

“It’s funny. When you’re in the business, you can tell something in the first minutes of watching, particularly in terms of the actors. Just at the start of ‘Frozen River,’ the first thing I saw I went, ‘Oh! oh!’ I don’t even know the director (Courtney Hunt), but there was such a documentary feel to that performance by Melissa Leo. I don’t know Melissa Leo, but that’s an extraordinary piece of work. There’s not a false moment. I felt she knew it and lived that life. Afterward, I said, ‘I’m glad I didn’t do that movie.’ It looked painful, all those nights in the freezing cold.”

Lawrence Toppman of charlotteobserver.com wrote,”I first noticed the rangy, sad-faced Leo playing the long-suffering wife of Benicio Del Toro in “21 Grams” five years ago. I’ve thought since that she’s one of America’s most underrated character actresses, and “Frozen River” confirms that opinion. “

Roger Ebert backed Leo for oscar and commented,”Best Actress: Melissa Leo. What a complete performance, evoking a woman’s life in a time of economic hardship. The most timely of films, but that isn’t reason enough. I was struck by how intensely determined she was to make the payments, support her two children, carry on after her abandonment by a gambling husband, and still maintain rules and goals around the house. This was a heroic woman.

Courtney Hunt, the writer-director, works with Leo to make this unlikely woman convincing and believable. There is no strain, no going for effects. Leo plays very close to the bone, closer to the soul. She does what she does because her kids can’t live on breakfast cereal and Tang. She is never pathetic. She is resourceful. She trusts herself. She’s trying to raise good kids. I cared deeply for her, I even loved the character, so there’s my vote.”

Gina Carbone of the www.Seacoastonline.com observed,” From the moment we meet her character Ray in “Frozen River,” we’re meeting a woman with Life mapped out on her face. And it ain’t that pretty a picture.

Ray is the soul sister of Mickey Rourke’s Randy in “The Wrestler.” There’s so much honesty from both of them it’s gut-wrenching. They carry their respective movies on their sleeves and they should be rewarded for it with film’s highest honors.

In “Frozen River,” Ray is a struggling mom whose husband left her with two kids, a part-time retail salary and a double-wide trailer to pay for. The film is set before Christmas by the Mohawk reservation between New York and Canada. It’s frigid and deadening, heightening every act of desperation.

Ray crosses the ethnic divide to work with Lila (the great Misty Upham, who I’d also like to see honored), a Mohawk single mother who needs someone to help her smuggle people over the Canadian border.

Not a false moment. Documentary feel. That’s what I want right now and what I most respect when actors can pull it off. It’s not easy to create a real world moment from some cans of film and a script. Melissa Leo brought me into Ray’s world and I felt every moment of fear, anger, panic, regret and ultimate redemption. It was the performance of a lifetime, but I hope for even more — and believe Leo has more in her.”

Stephen Holden of the New York Times observed, “If Frozen River has all the ingredients for a weepy Christmas story in the tradition of It’s a Wonderful Life, it is almost the opposite of that. It is grim reality. But because Ray refuses to give up, she lends the movie nobility. Ms. Leo’s magnificent portrayal of a woman of indomitable grit and not an iota of self-pity makes Frozen River a compelling study of individual courage. She brings the same kind of gravity to the role that Patricia Neal did to Alma Brown in Hud 45 years ago.”

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times rated the film four out of four stars, calling it “one of those rare independent films that knows precisely what it intends, and what the meaning of the story is.” He added, “It resists all temptations to turn this plot into some kind of a thriller and keeps it grounded on the struggle for economic survival.”

Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times called the film “spare and unsentimental as well as intensely dramatic, character-based but grounded in reality and filled with involving incidents” and urged readers to “let its bracing drama and the intensity of its acting restore your spirits as well as your faith in American independent film.

Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle thought the film was “an honest effort” and Melissa Leo “emotionally committed” but continued, “All the same, there’s little or nothing about Frozen River that makes it something to see. To begin with, the movie lacks obvious things, like dramatic interest. Yes, there’s a tiny spark of drama, but it flickers and dies under the weight of the distancing music and the dead air between lines of spoken dialogue. The acting, aside from that of Leo and Michael O’Keefe . . . is amateurish and affectless. So is screenwriter Courtney Hunt’s uninflected direction . . . Under the guise of sincerity, fundamentally insincere, and while posing as gritty, it’s in fact sentimental.”

Meghan Keane of the New York Sun said, “Ms. Hunt has created a nuanced drama with a grip that tightens as the minutes tick by . . . In lesser hands, the film could have wandered into movie-of-the-week territory . . . Ms. Leo’s selfless approach allows the character of Ray to come into full focus. The actress’s spare performance tactfully avoids the weepy push points that typify most single-mother dramas. Her Ray is strung out, bigoted, tough, and robust, but almost always endearing . . . Ms. Hunt has done an excellent job of melding the tendentious hopes of her heroines. As we watch them struggle to get out from under their various burdens, Frozen River achieves a gripping narrative, exposing the consequences of clinging to hope at all costs.”

The film appeared on many lists citing the best films of 2008, including those in The Philadelphia Inquirer, the Los Angeles Times, The Hollywood Reporter, the New York Post, The Miami Herald, the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, the New York Times, and the Chicago Reader.

Awards and nominations

• Academy Award for Best Actress (Melissa Leo, nominee)
• Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay (Courtney Hunt, nominee)
• American Indian Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actress (Misty Upham, winner)
• Independent Spirit Award for Best Film (nominee)
• Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead Female (Melissa Leo, winner)
• Independent Spirit Award for Best Director (Courtney Hunt, nominee)
• Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay (Courtney Hunt, nominee)
• Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male (Charlie McDermott, nominee)
• Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female (Misty Upham, nominee)
• Independent Spirit Piaget Producers Award (Heather Rae, winner)
• Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress (Melissa Leo, winner)
• Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award for Breakthrough Film Artist (Melissa Leo, winner)
• Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress (Melissa Leo, nominee)
• Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Most Promising Filmmaker (Courtney Hunt, nominee)
• Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress (Melissa Leo, winner)
• Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Film (winner)
• Gotham Independent Film Award for Breakthrough Actor (Melissa Leo, winner)
• International Film Festival of Marrakech Award for Best Actress (Melissa Leo, winner)
• National Board of Review Award for Best Directorial Debut (Courtney Hunt, winner)
• National Board of Review Spotlight Award (Melissa Leo, winner; shared with Richard Jenkins)
• New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best First Film (Courtney Hunt, winner)
• San Sebastián International Film Festival Silver Seashell for Best Actress (Melissa Leo, winner)
• San Sebastián International Film Festival SIGNIS Award (Courtney Hunt, winner)
• Satellite Award for Best Film – Drama (nominee)
• Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama (Melissa Leo, nominee)
• Satellite Award for Best Original Screenplay (Courtney Hunt, nominee)
• Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role (Melissa Leo, nominee)
• Stockholm International Film Festival Bronze Horse for Best Film (Courtney Hunt, winner)
• Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize (Dramatic) (winner)

DVD release

The film was released in anamorphic widescreen format on DVD on February 10, 2009. It has an audio track in English and subtitles in French. Bonus features include commentary by screenwriter/director Courtney Hunt and producer Heather Rae and the original trailer.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} BoxOfficeMojo.com
2. ^ Zoom-In.com interview
3. ^ Times Union, July 25, 2008
4. ^ The Berkshire Eagle, October 22, 2004
5. ^ New York Times review
6. ^ Chicago Sun-Times review
7. ^ Los Angeles Times review
8. ^ San Francisco Chronicle review
9. ^ New York Sun review
10. ^ Metacritic 2008 Film Critic Top Ten Lists

mx-25 regular graphite

Common Sense
Author	Thomas Paine
Language	English

Common Sense is a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine. It was first published anonymously on January 10, 1776, during the American Revolution. Common Sense was signed “Written by an Englishman”, and the pamphlet became an immediate success. In relation to the population of the Colonies at that time, it had the largest sale and circulation of any book in American history. Common Sense presented the American colonists with a powerful argument for independence from British rule at a time when the question of independence was still undecided. Paine wrote and reasoned in a style that common people understood; forgoing the philosophy and Latin references used by Enlightenment era writers, Paine structured Common Sense like a sermon and relied on Biblical references to make his case to the people. Historian Gordon S. Wood described Common Sense as, “the most incendiary and popular pamphlet of the entire revolutionary era.”

Publication history

Thomas Paine began work on Common Sense in late 1775 under the working title of Plain Truth. With the help of Benjamin Rush, who suggested the title Common Sense and helped edit and publish, Paine developed his ideas into a forty-eight page pamphlet. Paine published Common Sense anonymously because of its treasonous content. Printed and sold by R. Bell, Third Street, Philadelphia, it sold as many as 120,000 copies in the first three months, 500,000 in the first year, and went through twenty-five editions in the first year alone. Paine donated his royalties from Common Sense to George Washington’s Continental Army, saying:

As my wish was to serve an oppressed people, and assist in a just and good cause, I conceived that the honor of it would be promoted by my declining to make even the usual profits of an author.

Sections

Four sections are noted on the title page, which quotes James Thomson’s poem “Liberty” (1735-36):

Man knows no master save creating Heaven,
Or those whom choice and common good ordain.

I. Of the Origin and Design of Government in general, with concise Remarks on the English Constitution.

Paine begins this section by making a distinction between society and government. Society is a “patron,” “produced by our wants”, that promotes happiness. Government is a “punisher,” “produced by wickedness,” that restrains vices. Paine then goes on to consider the relationship between government and society in a state of “natural liberty.” Paine tells a story of a few isolated people living in nature without government. The people find it easier to live together rather than apart and thereby create a society. As the society grows problems arise, so all the people meet to make regulations to mitigate the problems. As the society continues to grow government becomes necessary to enforce the regulations, which over time, turn into laws. Soon there are so many people that they cannot all be gathered in one place to make the laws, so they begin holding elections. This, Paine argues, is the best balance between government and society. Having created this model of what the balance should be, Paine goes on to consider the Constitution of the United Kingdom.

Paine finds two tyrannies in the English constitution; monarchical and aristocratic tyranny, in the king and peers, who rule by heredity and contribute nothing to the people. Paine goes on to criticize the English constitution by examining the relationship between the king, the peers, and the commons.

II. Of Monarchy and Hereditary Succession.

In the second section Paine considers monarchy first from a biblical perspective, then from a historical perspective. He begins by arguing that all men are equal at creation and therefore the distinction between kings and subjects is a false one. Several Bible verses are posed to support this claim. Paine then examines some of the problems that kings and monarchies have caused in the past and concludes:

In England a king hath little more to do than to make war and give away places; which in plain terms, is to impoverish the nation and set it together by the ears. A pretty business indeed for a man to be allowed eight hundred thousand sterling a year for, and worshipped into the bargain! Of more worth is one honest man to society and in the sight of God, than all the crowned ruffians that ever lived.

—Thomas Paine

In this section, Paine also attacks one type of “mixed state” – the constitutional monarchy promoted by John Locke in which the powers of government are separated between a Parliament or Congress that makes the laws, and a monarch who executes them. The constitutional monarchy, according to Locke, would limit the powers of the king sufficiently to ensure that the realm would remain lawful rather than easily become tyrannical. According to Paine, however, such limits are insufficient. In the mixed state, power will tend to concentrate into the hands of the monarch, permitting him eventually to transcend any limitations placed upon him. Paine questions why the supporters of the mixed state, since they concede that the power of the monarch is dangerous, wish to include a monarch in their scheme of government in the first place.

III. Thoughts on the present State of American Affairs.

Constitution of the United States as proposed by Thomas Paine in Common Sense

In the third section Paine examines the hostilities between England and the American colonies and argues that best course of action is independence. Paine proposes a Continental Charter (or Charter of the United Colonies) that would be an American Magna Carta. Paine writes that a Continental Charter “should come from some intermediate body between the Congress and the people” and outlines a Continental Conference that could draft a Continental Charter. Each colony would hold elections for five representatives; these five would be accompanied by two members of the colonies assembly, for a total of seven representatives from each colony in the Continental Conference. The Continental Conference would then meet and draft a Continental Charter that would secure “freedom and property to all men, and… the free exercise of religion.” The Continental Charter would also outline a new national government, which Paine thought would take the form of a Congress.

Thomas Paine suggested that a Congress may be created in the following way, each colony should be divided in districts; each district would “send a proper number of delegates to Congress.” Paine thought that each state should send at least 30 delegates to Congress, and that the total number of delegates in Congress should be at least 390. The Congress would meet annually, and elect a President. Each colony would be put into a lottery; the President would be elected, by the whole Congress, from the delegation of the colony that was selected in the lottery. After a colony was selected it would be removed from subsequent lotteries until all of the colonies had been selected, at which point the lottery would start anew. Electing a President or passing a law would require 3/5 of the Congress.

IV. Of the present Ability of America, with some miscellaneous Reflections.

The fourth section of the pamphlet includes Paine’s optimistic view of America’s military potential at the time of the Revolution. For example, he spends pages describing how colonial shipyards, by using the large amounts of lumber available in the country, could quickly create a navy that could rival the Royal Navy.

Paine’s arguments against British rule

• It was ridiculous for an island to rule a continent.
• America was not a “British nation”; it was composed of influences and peoples from all of Europe.
• Even if Britain was the “mother country” of America, that made her actions all the more horrendous, for no mother would harm her children so brutally.
• Being a part of Britain would drag America into unnecessary European wars, and keep it from the international commerce at which America excelled.
• The distance between the two nations made governing the colonies from England unwieldy. If some wrong were to be petitioned to Parliament, it would take a year before the colonies received a response.
• The New World was discovered shortly before the Reformation. The Puritans believed that God wanted to give them a safe haven from the persecution of British rule.
• Britain ruled the colonies for its own benefit, and did not consider the best interests of the colonists in governing them.

Quotations

• “There is something exceedingly ridiculous in the composition of monarchy; it first excludes a man from the means of information, yet empowers him to act in cases where the highest judgment is required.”
• Hereditary succession has no claim. “For all men being originally equals, no one by birth could have the right to set up his own family in perpetual preference to all others for ever, and tho’ himself might deserve some decent degree of honours of his cotemporaries, yet his descendants might be far too unworthy to inherit them.”
• “Some writers have so confounded society with government, as to leave little or no distinction between them; whereas they are not only different, but have different origins.” (Opening Line)
• “I offer nothing more than simple facts, plain arguments, and common sense . . .”
• “A long habit of not thinking a thing wrong, gives it a superficial appearance of being right, and raises at first a formidable outcry in defense of custom.”
• “Society is produced by our wants, and government by wickedness; the former promotes our happiness positively by uniting our affections, the latter negatively by restraining our vices. The one encourages intercourse, the other creates distinctions. The first is a patron, the last a punisher. Society in every state is a blessing, but government even in its best state is but a necessary evil.”
• Uses the Bible as reference. “In the early ages of the world, according to the scripture chronology there were no kings; the consequence of which was, there were no wars; it is the pride of kings which throws mankind into confusion.”
• “Time makes more converts than reason.” (the Introduction)
• “Every thing that is right or natural pleads for separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, ‘tis time to part.”
• “Government by kings was first introduced into the world by the Heathens, from whom the children of Israel copied the custom. It was the most prosperous invention the Devil ever set on foot for the promotion of idolatry.”
• “But where, say some, is the King of America? I’ll tell you, friend, he reigns above, and doth not make havoc of mankind like the Royal Brute of Great Britain…. so far as we approve of monarchy, that in America the law is king.”
• “O ye that love mankind! Ye that dare oppose, not only the tyranny, but the tyrant, stand forth! Every spot of the old world is overrun with oppression. Freedom hath been hunted round the globe. Asia, and Africa, have long expelled her–Europe regards her like a stranger, and England hath given her warning to depart. O! receive the fugitive, and prepare in time an asylum for mankind.”
• “… have every opportunity and every encouragement before us, to form the noblest purest constitution on the face of the earth. We have it in our power to begin the world over again. A situation, similar to the present, hath not happened since the days of Noah until now. The birthday of a new world is at hand, and a race of men, perhaps as numerous as all Europe contains, are to receive their portion of freedom from the event of a few months.”
• “Wherefore, since nothing but blows will do, for God’s sake let us come to a final separation… “
• “Small islands not capable of protecting themselves are the proper objects for kingdoms to take under their care; but there is something very absurd in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed by an island.”

Even though Paine, like many of the Deistic Founding Fathers, was exceptionally hostile towards organized religion as a political force, Common Sense used many Biblical references to support its assertions, playing to the strong influence of personal religion in colonial America. His views on organized religion would be later clarified in his work The Age of Reason.

See also

The Age of Reason, also written by Thomas Paine.

Notes

1. ^ Full title – Common Sense; Addressed to the Inhabitants of America, on the Following Interesting Subjects.
2. ^ Introduction to Rights of Man, Howard Fast, 1961
3. ^ Gordon Wood, The American Revolution: A History (New York: Modern Library, 2002), 55-56.
4. ^ Wood, American Revolution, 55.
5. ^ Isaac Kramnick, “Introduction,” in Thomas Paine, Common Sense (New York: Penguin, 1986), 8; Wood, American Revolution, 55.
6. ^ Craig Nelson, Thomas Paine: Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Birth of Modern Nations (New York: Penguin, 2007), 90.
7. ^ Paine, Common Sense, excerpted from The Thomas Paine Reader, p. 79
8. ^ ^{a b c} Paine, Common Sense, 96-97.

References

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Common Sense

• Paine, Thomas. Common Sense. Ed. Isaac Kramnick. New York: Penguin Books, 1986.
• Foot, Michael, and Kramnick, Isaac, 1987. The Thomas Paine Reader. Penguin Classics.
• Liell, Scott. 46 Pages: Tom Paine, Common Sense, and the Turning Point to American Independence. New York: Running Press, 2003.
• Nelson, Craig. Thomas Paine: Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Birth of Modern Nations. New York: Penguin Books, 2007.
• Conway, Moncure Daniel, The Life of Thomas Paine, http://www.thomaspaine.org/bio/ConwayLife.html 
• Wood, Gordon (2002), The American Revolution: A History, Modern Library, ISBN 0679640576 

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Zealia Brown-Reed Bishop (1897 – 1968) was an American writer of short stories.

Her stories appeared in the magazine Weird Tales. However, they were extensively revised by H. P. Lovecraft to the point of being ghostwritten. At the time of Lovecraft’s demise she owed an exorbitant amount to her ghostwriter and never paid him, leaving Lovecraft in crushing poverty.

Her name is sometimes spelt ‘Zelia’.

Arkham House published her volume The Curse of Yig (1953) which contains three horror stories by Bishop (all revised by H. P. Lovecraft) and two profiles by Bishop, one about H. P. Lovecraft and the other about August Derleth. That on Lovecraft has been reprinted in Peter Cannon’s collection of essays on Lovecraft, Lovecraft Remembered. The three Lovecraft-Bishop revision stories all appear in The Horror in the Museum and Other Revisions.

Bishop’s preference was for romantic fiction, of which she wrote and published far more than she did of the weird. She lived in Kansas City with her husband D.W. Bishop, took an active role in the National Federation of Press Women, the New England Historic Genealogical Society and the Missouri Women’s Press Club. She authored a historical series about Clay County, Missouri.

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