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It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into East-West Center. (Discuss)

Hale Manoa is a student dormitory owned by the East West Center. This 13-story building was constructed in 1962 by the celebrated American architect I. M. Pei, and is located in the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, U.S. The dormitory has a housing capacity of more than 400. This is a predominantly graduate student dormitory and most of the residents are mainly recipients of East West Center scholarships or are affiliated with their programs. Hence here we have EWC Graduate Degree Fellows, Asia Pacific Leadership Program participants, EWC Affiliates and others who are not directly funded by the EWC. A large majority of the residents are international students from the Asia Pacific region like China, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia etc. Recently, there has been a move to bring in more students from South Asian countries.

View of Diamond Head, Hawaii from the dormitory

From its construction until the 1990s this was an all male dormitory, whereas a sister dormitory, Hale Kuahine, situated just next to the Imin Center and another I. M. Pei building, housed all the females. Currently, Hale Manoa houses students of both genders.

There are several facilities, including laundry, ice machine, TV and video lounges, student lounges, music room, free access to internet in the rooms, and large and spacious kitchens on 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th floors.

There are several restrictions and strict codes of conduct. Drinking any alcohol in the public areas, including kitchen and lanai areas is not allowed. Smoking is prohibited throughout the dormitory.

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The Sawai language (also Weda) is a South Halmahera language of Austronesian stock spoken in Weda and Gane Timor districts of southern Halmahera, northern Maluku Providence, Indonesia. There are approximately 12,000 speakers.

Sounds

Below is description of the Kobe dialect of Sawai spoken in the villages of Lelilef Woyebulan and Kobe Peplis.

Consonants

Sewai has 14 consonants:

Vowels

Sawai has 7 vowels:

Syllable

Sawai has the following syllable structure:

Examples:

External links

• Sawai (Ethnologue)

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Preston Gómez (April 22, 1923 – January 13, 2009) was a Cuban-American infielder, manager, coach and front-office official in Major League Baseball best known for managing three major league clubs: the San Diego Padres (1969-72), Houston Astros (1974-75) and Chicago Cubs (1980). He was born Pedro W. Gómez Martinez in Preston, Cuba, and was given his nickname in U.S. professional baseball from his birthplace.

Playing career

A right-handed batter and thrower, Gómez played eight major league games as a shortstop and second baseman for the 1944 Washington Senators, hitting .286 in seven at bats with two runs batted in.

Minor leagues

He spent the next two decades in minor league baseball, playing and then, from the mid-1950s onward, managing in the farm systems of the Cincinnati Reds, Los Angeles Dodgers and New York Yankees. His 1959 Havana Sugar Kings were champion of the International League and won the Junior World Series.

Managerial career

In 1965, Gómez became third-base coach of the Dodgers, serving through 1968 and two National League pennants and one World Series title. When Dodger vice president Buzzie Bavasi became president and part-owner of the expansion Padres, he named Gómez the first skipper in the team’s major league history. But, like most expansion teams, the Padres struggled, losing 110 games in 1969, 99 in 1970 and 100 more in 1971 - finishing last in the NL West Division each season. After 11 games and seven more defeats in 1972, Gómez was fired and replaced by Don Zimmer.

He returned to baseball the following season as a coach under Leo Durocher for the Houston Astros, and succeeded to the manager’s post in 1974. That season, the Astros posted an 81-81 record — Gómez’ only .500 or better season as a big league manager. But in 1975, when they were last in the NL West after 127 games, Gómez was released in favor of Bill Virdon. Once again, Gómez took to the coaching lines, for the St. Louis Cardinals and then back to the Dodgers, where he assisted Tommy Lasorda and coached in two more World Series — 1977 and 1978.

The exposure led to one last major league managing job, with the 1980 Cubs — but again Gómez met with frustration. The last-place Cubs dropped 52 of their first 90 games, and Gómez was fired again, to be replaced by Joey Amalfitano. His career managing record, over seven years, was 346 wins, 529 losses (.395) and four last-place finishes.

Ongoing no-hitters aborted

On two occasions, Gómez pinch-hit for pitchers who had pitched no-hitters through eight innings. He did this on July 21, 1970, with the Padres’ Clay Kirby and on September 4, 1974, with the Astros’ Don Wilson . Both pitchers were losing their respective games at the time they were pulled. In both cases, the hitting strategy failed, and the games were ultimately lost.

Other baseball capacities

Highly respected, Gómez remained in baseball from 1981 into the 2008 season as a coach, special assignments scout and assistant to the general manager of the California/Anaheim Angels.

Death

Gómez sustained major head injuries when he was struck by a vehicle at a Blythe, California gas station on March 26, 2008. The accident occurred while Gómez was on his way home to Chino Hills, California from the Angels’ spring training in Arizona. He died from his injuries on January 13, 2009 in Fullerton, California, aged 85.

The Angels will honor Gómez’ memory with a uniform patch in the shape of a black diamond with the name “Preston” written in white. This patch will be worn during the 2009 season .

References

1. ^ Spink, C.C. Johnson, pub., The 1967 Official Baseball Register. St. Louis: The Sporting News, 1967

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Johnny Logan
Johnny Logan (performing in Roskilde, Denmark, 2005)
Background information
Birth name	Seán Patrick Michael Sherrard
Also known as	“Mr Eurovision”
Born	13 May 1954 (1954-05-13) (age 55) Victoria (Australia)
Genre(s)	pop music
Occupation(s)	Singer
Instrument(s)	Vocals
Years active	1978–present
Website	http://www.johnnylogan.net/

Johnny Logan (born Seán Patrick Michael Sherrard, 13 May 1954), is an Irish singer and composer.

Early life and career

Logan was born in Frankston near Melbourne, Australia. His father was an Irish tenor, Patrick O’Hagan, who performed three times at The White House, for John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard Nixon. The family moved back to Ireland when Johnny was aged three. He learned the guitar and began composing his own songs by the age of thirteen. On leaving school he apprenticed as an electrician, while performing in folk and blues clubs. His earliest claim to fame was starring as Adam in the 1977 Irish musical “Adam and Eve”.

Having adopted the stage name Johnny Logan, he released his first single in 1978 and took part in the National Song Contest in 1979.

First Eurovision win

The following year, Logan entered the contest again with the Shay Healy song “What’s Another Year” and won. Representing Ireland in the Netherlands, Logan won the Eurovision Song Contest on April 19. The song became a hit all over Europe and reached No.1 in the UK.

Due to a mix-up, two follow up singles were released almost simultaneously; “Save Me” and “In London”. With confusion by radio stations over which to play, both singles flopped. Another single released in late 1980, a cover of a recent Cliff Richard song, “Give A Little Bit More” was a more concerted effort and although it narrowly missed the chart, the momentum from Eurovision was now lost. Logan blames his lack of success in the UK on poor management and his inexperience.

In early 1983, Logan attempted a comeback in the UK with the song “Becoming Electric” with a new sound and image and promotional push, but was unsuccessful and again in 1986 when he rebranded himself Logan with the song “Stab In The Back”.

Second Eurovision win

In 1987, he decided to make another attempt at Eurovision and with his self-penned song “Hold Me Now”, he represented Ireland at the Eurovision Song Contest in Belgium. The song won the contest and again, Logan had a major European hit with the song and reached No.2 in the UK (although it outsold “What’s Another Year”). Keen to continue this success, Logan released a cover of the 10cc song “I’m Not In Love”, produced by Paul Hardcastle as a follow-up, and an album. Both single and album made the UK charts but were not significant enough to sustain a continued chart career.

The following year, Logan released his next single, “Heartland” which became a hit in the Irish charts and from then on, concentrated on his career in Ireland and Europe.

Third Eurovision win

Having composed the Irish 1984 Eurovision Song Contest entry for Linda Martin, “Terminal 3″ (which came 2nd), Logan repeated the collaboration in 1992 when he gave Martin another of his songs, “Why Me”. The song became the Irish entry at the finals in Sweden. The song took the title and cemented Logan as the most successful artist in Eurovision history with three wins.

Author and historian John Kennedy O’Connor notes in his book The Eurovision Song Contest - The Official History that Logan is the only lead singer to have sung two winning entries and one of only five authors/composers (all men) to have written/composed two winning songs.

He is sometimes referred to as “Mister Eurovision” by fans of the contest and the media at large. “Hold Me Now” has been adopted by fans of Bohemian FC as their very own “You’ll Never Walk Alone” and is sung primarily at away games. He mentioned on “TTV” on RTE that he was considering writing a song for Ireland in the 2010 eurovision.

“Hold Me Now” was voted as the 3rd most popular song in Eurovision history at the 50th anniversary concert in Copenhagen, Denmark in October 2005. “What’s Another Year?” was also nominated amongst the 14 finalists. It has sold over 3 million copies worldwide. “Hold Me Now” is also a global million-seller.

Recent career

Throughout his career, which spans four decades, Logan has issued no less than 40 singles and 19 albums. He has continued his love of participating in musical theatre, having toured Norway with Which Witch, an opera-musical originating in that country. In 2002 Logan took part in the UK TV Quiz show Never Mind The Buzzcocks as a team panelist in a Eurovision-special.

His performing and songwriting career continues. He also featured on the 2007 advertisement for McDonald’s Eurosaver menu in Ireland, as well as having provided the song “A State of Happiness”, used in the advertising campaign for Center Parcs, The Netherlands in 2006.

He lives in Ashbourne, County Meath, Ireland.

Selected discography

Singles (Ireland and UK)

• 1978 - “No I Don’t Want To Fall In Love”
• 1980 - “What’s Another Year” (IE #1) (UK #1)
• 1980 - “Save Me”
• 1980 - “In London”
• 1980 - “Give A Little Bit More (Too Much Too Soon)” (IE #25)
• 1982 - “Oriental Eyes” (IE #18)
• 1982 - “Becoming Electric” (IE #22)
• 1984 - “Heaven” (IE #20)
• 1985 - “Ginny Come Lately”
• 1985 - “Straight From The Heart”
• 1986 - “Stab In The Back”
• 1986 - “Sara Smile”
• 1987 - “Hold Me Now” (IE #1) (UK #2)
• 1987 - “I’m Not In Love” (IE #8) (UK #51))
• 1988 - “Heartland” (IE #21)
• 1989 - “All I Ever Wanted”
• 1990 - “Lay Down Your Heart” / “One By One” (IE #20)
• 1991 - “How ‘Bout Us”
• 2006 - “Don’t Cry” (IE #25)
• 2006 - “Hold Me Now” (new version)

For a fuller list of all European single releases see discography here -

References

1. ^ Johnny Logan
2. ^ Johnny Logan
3. ^ IRISH NATIONAL FINAL 1979
4. ^ IRISH NATIONAL FINAL 1980
5. ^ Eurovision Song Contest 1980 | Year page | Eurovision Song Contest - Belgrade 2008
6. ^ Chart Stats - Johnny Logan - What’s Another Year
7. ^ “Why Me” - 1992 documentary, RTÉ Television
8. ^ Eurovision Song Contest 1987 | Year page | Eurovision Song Contest - Belgrade 2008
9. ^ Chart Stats - Johnny Logan - Hold Me Now
10. ^ Chart Stats - Johnny Logan - I’m Not In Love
11. ^ The Irish Charts - All there is to know
12. ^ Eurovision Song Contest 1992 | Year page | Eurovision Song Contest - Belgrade 2008
13. ^ O’Connor, John Kennedy. The Eurovision Song Contest - The Official History. Carlton Books, UK. 2007 ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3
14. ^ Johnny Logan Interview
15. ^ “Never Mind the Buzzcocks” Episode #10.10 (2002)
16. ^ ^{a b c} Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 326. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. 

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In optics, defocus is the one aberration familiar to nearly everyone who has ever needed eyeglasses or used a camera, videocamera, microscope, telescope, or binoculars, as it simply means out of focus. Optically, defocus refers to a translation along the optical axis away from the plane or surface of best focus. In general, defocus reduces the sharpness and contrast of the image. What should be sharp, high-contrast edges in a scene become gradual transitions. Fine detail in the scene is blurred or even becomes invisible. Nearly all image-forming optical devices incorporate some form of focus adjustment to minimize defocus and maximize image quality.

The degree of image blurring for a given amount of focus shift depends inversely on the lens f-number. Low f-numbers, such as f/1.4 to f/2.8, are very sensitive to defocus and have very shallow depths of focus. High f-numbers, in the f/16 to f/32 range, are highly tolerant of defocus, and consequently have large depths of focus. The limiting case in f-number is the pinhole camera, operating at perhaps f/100 to f/1000, in which case all objects are in focus almost regardless of their distance from the pinhole aperture. The penalty for achieving this extreme depth of focus is very dim illumination at the imaging film or sensor, limited resolution due to diffraction, and very long exposure time, which introduces the potential for image degradation due to motion blur.

The amount of allowable defocus may be tied to the resolution of the imaging media. High-resolution black-and-white (B&W) films can resolve image details down to 3 micrometers or smaller, with usable contrast at 150 cycles/millimeter or higher. Modern digital imaging chips and color print films are not as sharp as high-resolution B&W films, but have resolution comparable to each other, and are slightly more tolerant of defocus. If an imaging chip has 10 micrometer pixels, one cycle is therefore two pixels, equal to 20 micrometers or 0.020 millimeters, and the spatial cutoff frequency (limit of resolution) is thus 50 cycles/millimeter at focus.

Defocus is modeled in Zernike polynomial format as a(2?² ? 1), where a is the defocus coefficient in wavelengths of light. This corresponds to the parabola-shaped optical path difference between two spherical wavefronts that are tangent at their vertices and have different radii of curvature.

See also

• Bokeh

Right Can T Lose Weight

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Coordinates: 45°30?43?N 5°57?32?E? / ?45.51194°N 5.95889°E? / 45.51194; 5.95889

Commune of Apremont
Location
Time Zone	CET (GMT +1)
Coordinates	45°30?43?N 5°57?32?E? / ?45.51194°N 5.95889°E? / 45.51194; 5.95889
Administration
Country	France
Region	Rhône-Alpes
Department	Savoie
Arrondissement	Chambéry
Canton	Montmélian
Statistics
Elevation	302–1,554 m (990–5,100 ft) (avg. 330 m/1,100 ft)
Land area1	17.76 km2 (6.86 sq mi)
Population2	964  (2006)
- Density	54 /km² (140 /sq mi)
Miscellaneous
INSEE/Postal code	73017/ 73190
Dialling code	0479
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
2 Population sans doubles comptes: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Apremont is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France.

It lies southeast of Chambéry.

Demography

See also

• Communes of the Savoie department

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Gunters Mountain is a plateau-type summit in the U.S. state of Alabama. Part of the Cumberland Plateau, Gunters Mountain separates the Cumberland Plateau from the valley of the Tennessee River.

Gunters Mountain is in Marshall County and Jackson County, just west of Guntersville Lake, a reservoir on the Tennessee River. The town of Grant is located on top of the plateau of Gunters Mountain. The mountain is located about halfway between the cities of Guntersville and Scottsboro.

Variant names of Gunters Mountain include Grant Mountain, Gunter Mountain, and Shell Mountain.

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CARE 30 is a refrigerant consisting of a blend of iso-butane (R600a) and propane (R290) developed to replace R12 and R134a. It is primarily for use in small commercial refrigeration and air-conditioning systems that have traditionally used R12.

Compatibility

It operates at similar pressures, and possesses similar volumetric refrigerating effect, to R12 or R134a. Can be used in an R12 or R134a compressor or a specific CARE 30 compressor. Can be used with R12 or R134a heat exchangers and expansion devices. It is compatible with most common refrigeration materials and lubricants.

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In operator theory, Atkinson’s theorem gives a characterization of Fredholm operators.

The theorem

Let H be a Hilbert space and L(H) the bounded operators on H. The following is the classical definition of a Fredholm operator: a T ? L(H) is said to be a Fredholm operator if the kernel of T Ker(T) is finite dimensional, Ker(T*) is finite dimensional, and the range of T Ran(T) is closed.

Atkinson’s theorem states:

In other words, an operator T ? L(H) is Fredholm, in the classical sense, if and only if its projection in the Calkin algebra is invertible.

Sketch of proof

The outline of a proof is as follows. For the ? implication, express H as the orthogonal direct sum

The restriction T : Ker(T)^? ? Ran(T) is a bijection, and therefore invertible by the open mapping theorem. Extend this inverse by 0 on Ran(T)^? = Ker(T*) to an operator S defined on all of H. Then I - TS is the finite rank projection onto Ker(T*), and I - ST is the projection onto Ker(T). This proves the only if part of the theorem.

For the converse, suppose now that ST = I + C₂ for some compact operator C₂. If x ? Ker(T), then STx = x + C₂x = 0. So Ker(T) is contained in an eigenspace of C₂, which is finite dimensional (see spectral theory of compact operators). Therefore Ker(T) is also finite dimensional. The same argument shows that Ker(T*) is also finite dimensional.

To prove that Ran(T) is closed, we make use of the approximation property: let F be a finite rank operator such that ||F - C₂|| < r. Then for every x in Ker(F),

Thus T is bounded below on Ker(F), which implies that T(Ker(F)) is closed. On the other hand, T(Ker(F)^?) is finite dimensional, since Ker(F)^? = Ran(F*) is finite dimensional. Therefore Ran(T) = T(Ker(F)) + T(Ker(F)^?) is closed, and this proves the theorem.

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A prokaryote

Cell theory refers to the idea that cells are the basic unit of structure in every living thing. Development of this theory during the mid 1600s was made possible by advances in microscopy. This theory is one of the foundations of biology. The theory says that new cells are formed from other existing cells, and that the cell is a fundamental unit of structure, function and organization in all living organisms.

History

Drawing of the structure of cork

The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. He examined very thin slices of cork and saw billions of tiny pores that he remarked looked like the walled compartments of a honeycomb. Because of this association, Hooke called them cells, the name they still bear. However, Hooke did not know their real structure or function. Hooke’s description of these cells (which were actually non-living cell walls) was published in Micrographia.. His cell observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells.

The first man to witness a live cell under a microscope was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who in 1674 described the algae Spirogyra and named the moving organisms animalcules, meaning “little animals”.. Leeuwenhoek probably also saw bacteria. Cell theory was in contrast to the vitalism theories that had been proposed before the discovery of cells.

The idea that cells were separable into individual units was proposed by Ludolph Christian Treviranus and Johann Jacob Paul Moldenhawer. All of this finally led to Henri Dutrochet formulating one of the fundamental tenets of modern cell theory by declaring that “The cell is the fundamental element of organization”

The observations of Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, and others led to the development of the cell theory. The cell theory is a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things. The cell theory states:

1. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the most basic unit of life.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

The cell theory holds true for all living things, no matter how big or small, or how simple or complex. Since according to research, cells are common to all living things, they can provide information about all life. And because all cells come from other cells, scientists can study cells to learn about growth, reproduction, and all other functions that living things perform. By learning about cells and how they function, you can learn about all types of living things.

Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to three scientists: Theodor Schwann, Matthias Jakob Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow. In 1839, Schwann and Schleiden suggested that cells were the basic unit of life. Their theory accepted the first two tenets of modern cell theory (see next section, below). However the cell theory of Schleiden differed from modern cell theory in that it proposed a method of spontaneous crystallization that he called “Free Cell Formation”. In 1858, Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells, thus completing the classical cell theory.

Classical interpretation

1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the fundamental functional and structural unit of life.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
4. The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living things.
5. The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building block in the construction of organisms.

Modern interpretation

The generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include:

1. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things.
2. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division.
3. Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
4. Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division
5. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition.
6. All known living things are made up of cells.
7. Some organisms are unicellular, i.e., made up of only one cell.
8. Others are multicellular, composed of a number of cells.
9. The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells.

Exceptions

See also: Origin of life

1. Viruses are considered by some to be alive, yet they are not made up of cells. Viruses have many of the features of life, but by definition of life, they are not alive.
2. The first cell did not originate from a pre-existing cell. There was no exact first cell since the definition of cell is not that precise. This is an intellectual game that comes from making strict logical symbols out of the biological definitions.
3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genetic material, and reproduce independently from the rest of the cell.

Types of cells

Cells can be subdivided into the following subcategories:

1. Prokaryotes: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus (though they do have circular DNA) and other membrane-bound organelles (though they do contain ribosomes). Bacteria and Archaea are two divisions of prokaryotes.
2. Eukaryotes: Eukaryotes, on the other hand, have distinct nuclei and membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles). In addition, they possess organized chromosomes which store genetic material.

References

1. ^ Inwood, Stephen (2003). The man who knew too much: the strange and inventive life of Robert Hooke, 1635-1703. London: Pan. pp. 72. ISBN 0-330-48829-5. 
2. ^ Karling JS (1939). “Schleiden’s Contribution to the Cell Theory”. The American Naturalist 73: 517–37. doi:10.1086/280862. 
3. ^ Moll WAW (2006). “Antonie van Leeuwenhoek”. http://www.euronet.nl/users/warnar/leeuwenhoek.html#references. Retrieved on 2008-11-25. 
4. ^ Porter JR (June 1976). “Antony van Leeuwenhoek: tercentenary of his discovery of bacteria”. Bacteriol Rev 40 (2): 260–9. PMID 786250. PMC: 413956. http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=786250. 
5. ^ Treviranus, Ludolph Christian 1811, “Beyträge zur Pflanzenphysiologie”
6. ^ Moldenhawer, Johann Jacob Paul 1812, “Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen”
7. ^ Dutrochet, Henri 1924, “Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur la structure intime des animaux et des vegetaux, et sur leur motilite, par M.H. Dutrochet, avec deux planches”
8. ^ Schleiden, Matthias Jakob 1839,”Contributions to Phytogenesis”

Further reading

• Turner W (January 1890). “The Cell Theory, Past and Present”. J Anat Physiol 24 (Pt 2): 253–87. PMID 17231856. PMC: 1328050. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/pagerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1328050&pageindex=1. 

• Tavassoli M (January 1980). “The cell theory: a foundation to the edifice of biology”. Am. J. Pathol. 98 (1): 44. PMID 6985772. PMC: 1903404. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/pagerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1903404&pageindex=1. 

See also

• Cell biology
• Cell division
• Cell signaling
• Cell adhesion
• Cellular differentiation

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