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The title Hero of the Soviet Union (Russian: ????? ?????????? ?????, Geroy Sovyetskovo Soyuza) was the highest distinction in the Soviet Union, awarded personally or collectively for heroic feats in service to the Soviet state and society.

Overview

Six originally received only the Order of Lenin, the highest Soviet award. Because the Order of Lenin could be awarded for deeds not qualifying for the title of hero, and to distinguish heroes from other Order of Lenin holders, the Gold Star medal with certificate of the heroic deed (???????, gramota) from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was introduced on August 1, 1939. Earlier heroes were retroactively eligible for these items.

A hero could be awarded the title again for a subsequent heroic feat with an additional Gold Star medal and certificate. An additional Order of Lenin was not given until 1973. The practice of awarding the title multiple times was abolished by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1988 during perestroika.

Many foreign citizens were awarded the title; though the statute did not include foreigners as eligible candidates, neither did it prohibit them.

The title was also given posthumously, though often without the actual Gold Star medal given.

The title could be revoked only by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.

History

The award was established on April 16, 1934.

The total number of persons who were awarded this title is 12,745 (twenty people have been stripped of this title due to various circumstances). The great majority of them received it during World War II (11,635 Heroes of the Soviet Union, 101 twice Heroes, 3 thrice Heroes, and 2 four-time Heroes). Sixty-five people were awarded the title for actions related to the Soviet-Afghan War, which lasted from 1979 until 1989.

The first recipients of the award were the pilots Anatoly Liapidevsky (certificate number one), Sigizmund Levanevsky, Vasili Molokov, Mavrikiy Slepnev, Nikolai Kamanin, Ivan Doronin and Mikhail Vodopianov, who participated in the successful aerial search and rescue of the crew of the steamship Cheliuskin, which sank in Arctic waters, crushed by ice fields, on February 13, 1934.

Valentina Grizodubova, a female pilot, was the first woman to become a Hero of the Soviet Union (November 2, 1938) for her international women’s record for a straight-line distance flight.
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, a Soviet partisan, was the first woman to become a Hero of the Soviet Union during World War II (February 16, 1942).

101 people were to receive the award twice. A second award entitled the recipient to have a bronze bust of his/her likeness with a commemorative inscription erected in his home town.

Two famous Soviet fighter pilots, Aleksandr Pokryshkin and Ivan Kozhedub were thrice Heroes of the Soviet Union. A third award entitled the recipient to have his/her bronze bust erected on a columnar pedestal in Moscow, near the Palace of Soviets, but the Palace was never built.

The only individuals to receive the title four times were Marshal Georgy Zhukov and Leonid Brezhnev. The original statute of the Hero of the Soviet Union, however, did not provide for a fourth title; its provisions allowed for a maximum of three awards regardless of later deeds. Both Zhukov and Brezhnev received their fourth titles under controversial circumstances contrary to the statute, which remained largely unchanged until the award was abolished in 1991. Zhukov was awarded a fourth time “for his large accomplishments” on the occasion of his 60th anniversary as early as on December 1, 1956. There is some speculation that Zhukov’s fourth Hero medal was for his participation in the arrest of Beria in 1953, but this was not entered in the records. Brezhnev’s four awards further eroded the prestige of the award because they were birthday gifts, on the occasions of his 60th, 70th, 72nd and 75th birthdays.

By the 1970s, the award had been somewhat devalued. Important political and military persons had been awarded on the occasions of their anniversaries rather than for any immediate heroic activity.

All Soviet cosmonauts, starting from Yuri Gagarin, as well as foreign citizens who participated in Soviet cosmic program as cosmonauts, received Hero award for each flight (but no more than twice).

Apart from individuals, the title was also awarded to twelve cities (Hero City) as well as the fortress of Brest (Hero-Fortress) for collective heroism during the War.

The last recipient of the title “Hero of the Soviet Union” was a Soviet diver, Captain of the 3rd rank Leonid Mikhailovich Solodkov on December 24, 1991 for fulfillment of a special diving task. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, this title was succeeded in Russia by the title “Hero of the Russian Federation”, in Ukraine by “Hero of Ukraine” and in Belarus by “Hero of Belarus”.

Heraldry

The medal appears as a charge in the arms of The Hero City of Sevastopol (pictured on the left).

Notable recipients

Single award

• Nikolai Melnik - Soviet pilot known for placing radiation sensors at the Chernobyl’s Nuclear Power Plant, Reactor 4, during the 1986 explosion.
• Ivan Isakov - Navy Admiral.
• Hamazasp Babadzhanian – led a brigade in the retaking of the river Dniester during WWII
• Lavrenty Beria – former NKVD and MVD chief
• Mikhail Devyataev – escaped from a forced-labor camp at Peenemünde with crucial intelligence on German rocket programs
• Pavel Grachev - Military Leader.
• Yuri Gagarin – cosmonaut and the first human to fly in space
• Ivan Golubets – saved lives aboard the Soviet ship SK-0121 in 1942
• Vladimir Konovalov – submarine commander; sank the German ship Goya
• Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya – the first wartime female recipient; demonstrated bravery during her capture and execution by the Nazis
• Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov – A Soviet naval officer and People’s Commissar of the Navy during World War II.
• Nikolai Kuznetsov – intelligence officer responsible for the kidnappings and assassinations of several high-ranking Nazis
• Lydia Litvyak – WWII fighter pilot and the world’s top female ace, posthumously awarded.
• Alexander Matrosov posthumously awarded for blocking an enemy machine-gun with his own body.
• Ivan Panfilov - Soviet general. Died during the Battle of Moscow in a fierce infantry combat against German Tanks.
• Yakov Pavlov – led Soviet resistance during the Battle of Stalingrad
• Otto Schmidt – scientist and explorer of the Arctic
• Lyubov Shevtsova - resisted Nazi occupation in WWII.
• Ivan Sidorenko - One of the top snipers of WWII, with over 500 kills. Was also a highly regarded sniper trainer.
• Pyotr Shirshov, Evgeny Fedorov, Ernst Krenkel and Ivan Papanin - Scientists who worked on the first drifting ice station.
• Richard Sorge – Soviet spy, reported from Japanese information the exact date that Operation Barbarossa would begin, and the fact that the Japanese would not attack Russia in 1941. This led Georgy Zhukov to move several Siberian divisions from the Far East to Moscow, contributing to the Soviet victory at the Moscow counteroffensive. Awarded posthumously.
• Valentina Tereshkova – cosmonaut and the first woman to fly in space
• Anna Yegorova – WWII ground-attack Il-2 pilot
• Vasily Zaytsev – sniper who killed over 400 Germans during WWII, including 242 at the Battle of Stalingrad; his achievements are dramatized in the film Enemy at the Gates.
• Boris Yegorov - first physician in space
• Endel Puusepp - Soviet WWII bomber pilot
• Mikhail Minin - raised the Soviet Union’s flag over Berlin in 1945 ending the battle of Berlin
• Alexi Inauri - chief of Georgian KGB

Twice awarded

• Semyon Timoshenko – military commander and senior professional officer of the Red Army
• Ivan Konev – Marshal of the Soviet Union, commander of the First Ukrainian Front
• Azi Aslanov – Major-General of armoured troops during WWII; participated in the 1944 Soviet offensives in Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic countries
• Hovhannes (Ivan) Baghramian – military commander; took part in the great 1944 Soviet offensive in Belarus and Lithuania (Operation Bagration)
• Konstantin Rokossovsky – Marshal of the Soviet Union, Commander of the First Belorussian Front, Marshal of Poland and Polish Minister of Defense, Deputy Minister of Defense and Commander of the Transcaucasian Military District, Chief Inspector of the Soviet Ministry of Defense.
• Joseph Stalin - General Secretary of the Communist Party (1922-1953) and Head of Government (1941-1953)
• Nelson Stepanyan – WWII dive bomber pilot*
• Vladimir Kokkinaki - Famous test pilot and record breaker
• Sydir Kovpak – partisan leader in Ukraine
• Amet-Han Sultan – WWII-era fighter and test pilot.
• Alexei Fyodorov – organized underground resistance in Nazi-occupied Ukraine
• Issa Pliyev – military commander
• Vasily Chuikov – A General responsible for the victory at Stalingrad and attacking Berlin. Made Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1955
• Sergey Gritsevets – fighter pilot with 40 credited kills
• Mikhail Katukov – Marshal of the Soviet Union, 1st Guards Tank Army Commander
• Vasilyi S. Petrov Guards Major of Artillery during the second World War, for Dnepr crossing 1943 (No. 3504) where he lost both hands, and defense of an Oder bridgehead 1945 (No. 6091)
• Viktor Leonov – Soviet Naval Scout (Commando), fought in both European and Pacific Theatres in World War II
• Aleksandr Vasilevsky - Marshal of the Soviet Union and the Soviet Chief of the General Staff and Deputy Minister of Defense during World War II.

Three times awarded

• Ivan Kozhedub – highly decorated WWII fighter pilot; is considered the Allied “Ace of Aces” with 62 victories, more than any other Allied pilot
• Mytrofan Dmitri Bulat - WWII Lieutenant-Colonel
• Aleksandr Pokryshkin – WWII fighter pilot
• Semyon Budyonny – Military Commander
• Dimitry Ustinov - Defence Industry official and Defence Minister
• Kliment Voroshilov - Military Commander and Politician
• Georgy Mikhailovich Grechko - Cosmonaut, once for each of his missions.

Four times awarded

• Georgy Zhukov — military commander and politician credited with many of the most significant Soviet victories of WWII
• Leonid Brezhnev — First Secretary (later General Secretary) of the CPSU (1964-1982), and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1964–1982); this last feat was the subject of numerous Russian jokes.

Foreign recipients (all single awards)

• Abdel Hakim Amer - Egyptian military officer and political leader
• Gamal Abdel Nasser – president of Egypt (1954-1970)
• Abdul Ahad Mohmand – the first Afghan cosmonaut
• Ahmed Ben Bella – the first president of Algeria
• Georgi Ivanov – the first Bulgarian cosmonaut
• Todor Zhivkov – communist president of Bulgaria
• Fidel Castro – leader of the Cuban communist government
• Arnaldo Tamayo – the first Hispanic and Cuban cosmonaut
• Josef Buršík – for heroism during the liberation of Kyev, awarded in December 21, 1943, after the occupation of Czechoslovakia he gave the award back
• Otakar Jaroš – for heroism in the Third Battle of Kharkov, awarded in memoriam in April 17, 1943 as the first foreign soldier
• Ján Nálepka (Slovak) – awarded in memoriam in May 2, 1945
• Vladimír Remek – the first Czech in space and the first cosmonaut who wasn’t a citizen of USSR or USA
• Antonín Sochor – for heroism during the liberation of Kyev, awarded in December 21, 1943
• Ludvík Svoboda – communist president of Czechoslovakia
• Gustáv Husák – communist president of Czechoslovakia
• St?pan Vajda (Rusyn) – for heroism during the liberation of Poland, awarded in memoriam in August 10, 1945
• Richard Tesa?ík – for heroism during the liberation of Kyev, awarded in December 21, 1943
• Jean-Loup Chrétien the first French astronaut
• Marcel Albert – decorated WWII fighter pilot (Normandie-Niemen)
• Jacques André – decorated WWII fighter pilot (Normandie-Niemen)
• Roland de La Poype – decorated WWII fighter pilot (Normandie-Niemen)
• Marcel Lefèvre – decorated WWII fighter pilot (Normandie-Niemen)
• Sigmund Jähn – the first German cosmonaut
• Walter Ulbricht – East German leader
• Erich Honecker – East German leader
• Bertalan Farkas – the first Hungarian cosmonaut
• János Kádár – Hungarian politician
• Rakesh Sharma – the first Indian cosmonaut
• Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa – the first Mongolian cosmonaut
• Jakub Gakar Hyten - Early proponent of Soviet ideals in Finland.
• W?adys?aw Wysocki - Polish officer from the battle of Lenino
• Juliusz Hibner - Polish communist and officer from the battle of Lenino
• Aniela Krzywo? - Polish soldier
• Miros?aw Hermaszewski – the first citizen of Poland to make a spaceflight.
• Ramón Mercader – assassinated Leon Trotsky in 1940
• Rubén Ibárruri – son of Spanish communist leader Dolores Ibárruri Gómez, killed in the Battle of Stalingrad while fighting for the Red Army.
• Muhammed Faris – the first Syrian cosmonaut
• Ph?m Tuân – the first Vietnamese cosmonaut
• Arnold Meri – decorated WWII (1941)
• Endel Puusepp – decorated WWII (1942)
• Leen Kullman – Soviet spy (1965)

See also

• Awards of the Soviet Union
• Hero of Socialist Labor
• Hero of the Russian Federation
• Hero of Belarus
• Order of Lenin
• Hero of Ukraine

Notes

1. ^ McDaniel and Schmitt, The Comprehensive Guide to Soviet Orders and Medals.
2. ^ (Russian) ??????????? ????????? ??????????
3. ^ “Man, who raised Soviet Union’s flag over Berlin in 1945, dies”. Pravda. 2008. http://english.pravda.ru/russia/history/11-01-2008/103368-soviet_union-0. Retrieved on 2008. 
4. ^ Rokossovsky held Polish citizenship while serving as Polish Defense Minister. This would technically make him the only “foreign citizen” to hold multiple titles of Hero of the Soviet Union, but it should be noted that he was awarded the titles while a Soviet citizen.
5. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_air_aces

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Palos Verdes blue butterfly
Conservation status
Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Division: Rhopalocera Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera (unranked): Rhopalocera Superfamily: Papilionoidea Family: Lycaenidae Subfamily: Polyommatinae Tribe: Polyommatini Genus: Glaucopsyche Species: G. lygdamus Subspecies: G. l. palosverdesensis
Trinomial name
Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis

The Palos Verdes Blue butterfly is a small endangered butterfly native to the Palos Verdes Peninsula in southwest Los Angeles County, California. As its distribution has been proven to be limited to one single site it has one of the best claims to being the world’s rarest butterfly.

Overview

Palos Verdes Blue (G. lygdamus palosverdesensis) is a localized subspecies of silvery blue (G. lygdamus). It was described in 1977, shortly before it became one of the second groups of butterflies to be listed under the US Endangered Species Act in 1980 (Mattoni 1995). It is distinguished from other subspecies of G. lygdamus by its slightly different patterning on the underside of the wing, an earlier flight period, and use of a locoweed (Astragalus trichopodus) as a larval food plant (Mattoni 1995). The distribution of the subspecies as described was the southern slope of the Palos Verdes Peninsula in coastal Los Angeles County.

The Palos Verdes blue butterfly was thought to be driven to extinction in 1983 by development of its habitat (Mattoni 1995). Then, in 1994, the butterfly was rediscovered by Rick Rogers, Rudy Mattoni, and Timothy Dahlum at the Defense Fuel Support Point in San Pedro, which is located on the northern (inland) side of the Palos Verdes Peninsula. This new population lays eggs on a different foodplant (common deerweed, Lotus scoparius) but shares physical and behavioral characteristics with the other now-extinct populations.

Biology of Palos Verdes blue (PVB)

Taxonomy and systematics

PVB, Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis, is a subspecies of the G. lygdamus (Silvery Blue) species of butterfly found throughout North America. There are currently 11 subspecies of silvery blue. G. lygdamus palosverdesensis was first described in the 1970s and was distinguished from other G. lygdamus by its faster and early flight, wing color and wing spot patterns (Lipman 1999).

Morphology

This butterfly has a wingspan of only 25-30 mm. The male has a bright silvery-blue dorsal wing outlined in a narrow line of black, while the female’s dorsal wing is a more brownish-gray color. Both males and females have gray ventral wings with dark spots surrounded by white rings (Arnold 1987).

Habitat

G. lygdamus palosverdesensis persists particularly on the Palos Verdes Peninsula, 15 miles south of Los Angeles, in a coastal sage scrub habitat. This species is locally monophagous, or particular to one species of foodplant. The entire species was originally thought to be particular only to the locoweed or rattlepod Astragalus trichopodus lonchus, but the population rediscovered in 1994 used Lotus scoparius (common deerweed) as its larval foodplant (Lipman 1999). These two types of plants are fast becoming scarce on the Palos Verdes peninsula because of housing development. Retention of these larval foodplants is essential for conservation of the Palos Verdes blue.

Life Stages

Oviposition, laying of eggs on the larval foodplant, occurs only once a breeding season for PVB. There are at least 4 larval instars, or stages of development. After 7 to 10 days the larvae emerge and crawl to the base of the foodplant where they pupate. Pupae remain in diapause until emerging as adults (Lipman 1999). The flight period and reproductive period occur together for PVB, beginning in late January and ending in early May. It is rare to see PVB far from its home food patch, but research shows that males cover more distance and have longer periods of flight (Lipman 1999). Palos Verdes blue are a diurnal and panmictic species. They are also non-migratory and very particular in their use of larval foodplants. The PVB adult lifespan is only five days (Isbell 1996).

Relationships with other species

Interspecific competition may occur with other lycaenid butterflies for the larval foodplant. A mutualism between ants and larvae has been observed during the instars of butterfly development. G. l. palosverdesensis has a host-parasite relationship with its larval foodplants, Astragalus lonchus and Lotus scoparius. There has also been observed predation on Palos Verdes blue by Western Yellowjackets (Vespula pennsylvanica) at the Defense Fuel Point location (Lipman 1999).

Conservation

Laws

G. lygdamus palosverdesensis was listed as an “endangered species” by the Fish and Wildlife Service on July 2, 1980. This listing also included city-owned Critical Habitat, plus comments and recommendations for species conservation. Insects are not currently protected by California law.

Threats

The main threat to the Palos Verdes blue has been habitat destruction due to weeds and rototilling, which has negative effects on the essential larval foodplants. Recreational, commercial, or residential development of the Palos Verdes peninsula is also a major concern in preservation of the foodplants (Greenwalt 1980).

Reintroduction

The Palos Verdes peninsula is split into the north and south slopes. On the north slope, reintroduction is suggested based on presence of deerweed (Lotus scoparius) and a native plant index number. The only habitat known so far on the north slope is the Defense Fuel Support Point location. The south slope has many more historic sites of Palos Verdes blue, which are all suggested for reintroduction, including any more sites containing locoweed (Astagalus) (Lipman et al. 1999). Particular sites of reintroduction and rehabilitation of the PVB include Defense Fuel Support Point in San Pedro and the Linden H. Chandler Preserve (Lipman et al. 1999).

Mass rearing

Mass rearing of PVB has been taking place since rediscovery in 1994. The mass rearing is conducted for conservation purposes, reintroduction and prevention of extinction. The mass rearing takes place in “tent” cages containing both known larval foodplants (Mattoni et. al 2003). It has been variably successful.

Modeling

Although Population Viability Analysis (PVA) models are often very important for predicting the outcome of conservation efforts, there have been many problems with using PVA models to predict Palos Verdes blue populations. This type of modeling has proved inconclusive mainly because the PVB utilize habitat so variably, depending on climatic and successional changes (Lipman et al. 1999). So far, the appropriate habitat has been hard to find, and expert intuition has often been wrong. Metapopulation modeling would seem like an appropriate choice for the Palos Verdes blue, but there is a lack of demographic and genetic information. Long-term population studies are not available to provide this information because of the many local extinctions and declining numbers of this species (Lipman et al. 1999). For this reason, PVB long-term viability is very difficult to predict.

Key Conservationists

Rudi Mattoni is a biologist at the University of California, Los Angeles who has been instrumental in research on Palos Verdes blue, particularly with the program at Defense Fuel Support Point in San Pedro. Richard Arnold has also researched and written about PVB. The Youth Environmental Service program of the Palos Verdes / South Bay Audubon Society has provided help weeding and establishing habitat for the butterfly.

References

• Arnold, R.A. 1987. Decline of the Endangered Palos Verdes Blue Butterfly in California. Biological Conservation. 40: 203-217.

• Greenwalt, L.A. 1980. Listing the Palos Verdes Blue butterfly as an Endangered Species with Critical Habitat. Federal Register. Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. 45 (129): 44939-42.

• Isbell, C.M. 1996. Green Teens Save the Blues. Audubon. 98 (5): 102-105.

• Lipman, Alison; Longcore, Travis; Mattoni, Rudi & Zhang, YinLan. 1999. Habitat Evaluation and Reintroduction Planning for the Endangered Palos Verdes Blue Butterfly. Final Technical Report to California Department of Fish and Game. 1-47.

• Mattoni, R., Longcore, Travis; Krenova, Zdenka & Lipman, Alison. 2003. Mass Rearing the endangered Palos Verdes blue butterfly (Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis: Lycaenidae). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 37: 55-67.

• Mattoni, R. 1992. Rediscovery of the Palos Verdes endangered blue butterfly, Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis Perkins and Emmel (Lycaenidae). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 31 (3-4): 180-194.

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“First Time”
Single by Lifehouse from the album Who We Are
Released	May 8, 2007
Format	CD Single Digital Download
Recorded	2006 - 2007
Genre	Pop rock
Length	3:22
Label	Geffen
Writer(s)	Jason Wade, Jude Cole
Lifehouse singles chronology
“Blind” (2005) “First Time“ (2007) “Whatever It Takes” (2007)
Alternate cover
iTunes Promotional Cover

“First Time” is the first single from Lifehouse’s fourth studio album Who We Are.

On April 24, 2007, the band released the single to for radio airplay. Initially, the song played as an hourly feature on Star 98.7 in Los Angeles that day and was later released to general radio. The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 48 in May, peaking at number 26. It was #74 on MTV Asia’s list of Top 100 Hits of 2007.

Various info

• The CD single for the song was released prior to the release of Who We Are in June 2007
• The band performed the song on the Tonight Show on 21 June, 2007
• The video premiered on the N on June 29. It repeated three times that night and was shown at the same times on June 30.
• The song is featured on the latest national campaign of Dodge commercials
• The song was played at the banner raising ceremony for the Atlanta Thrashers 2006-07 Southeaster Division Championship on October 5th, 2007
• The song, along with “Hanging by a Moment”, was played during halftime at the 2008 Pro Bowl
• The song is featured on the 2007 compilation album Now That’s What I Call Music 26.
• The band performed the song at the Pepsi Smash Super Bowl Bash on January 29, 2009. The event aired on VH1.

Music video

The music video for “First Time” starts out with the band in completely white outfits. The room is also white. When the first chorus is played, Jason Wade’s guitar starts to turn orange, and then red. Eventually, the member’s clothes turn all red, along with the room. The video also has people in love and kiss eventually throughout the video.

Chart performance

Charts

Track listing

US radio promo single

1. “First Time” - 3:25

Australian commercial single

1. “First Time”
2. “You and Me” (Live In Portland)

Average Weight Woman

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The Bicol Region or Bicolandia is one of the 17 regions of the Philippines. It occupies the Bicol Peninsula at the southeastern end of Luzon island and some other islands.

It consists of six provinces, namely, Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Masbate, and Sorsogon. It has one independent component city, Naga City, and six component cities, Iriga, Legazpi, Ligao, Masbate, Sorsogon, and Tabaco. The regional centers are Legazpi City, the region’s political and administrative center, Naga City, the region’s cultural and religious center. Legazpi City, Naga City, Iriga City and Sorsogon City are the leading cities in the region in terms of urbanization and also the hub of the region’s economic activity.

Culture

The Bicol region is often seen as the epicenter of the counterculture and liberal politics in the Philippines because many of its inhabitants seem to oppose many right-wing governments and ideology which they blame for corruption. The region has a political reputation for always voting for left-wing politicians. It is also widely seen as a stronghold for the National Democratic Front.

Language

Inhabitants, called Bicolanos, speak any one of the several varieties of Bikol, an Austronesian language closely related to other Central Philippine languages such as Cebuano and Tagalog. Bikol varieties include Bikol Rinconada (Iriga-Buhi area), the western Albay dialects (Oas, Daraga), Bikol Sorsogon (Sorsogon), Bikol Catanduanes and Bikol Partido (municipalities surrounding Lagonoy Gulf). Standard Bikol is based on the dialect of Naga City and is spoken in a wide area stretching from Camarines Norte, most of Camarines Sur, the entire east coast of Albay (including Legazpi and Tabaco) and northern Sorsogon. Standard Bikol is generally understood by other Bikol speakers and is the regional lingua franca.

The Bikol languages are the dominant languages of the region. The Filipino language (Tagalog) is also spoken in northern parts of Camarines Norte as well as in the municipality of Del Gallego, Camarines Sur. Two Visayan languages, Sorsoganon and Masbateño, are spoken in Masbate and Sorsogon; they are collectively referred to as Bisakol.

Religion

Bicol is the one of the most secular out of the entire Philippines, as only 55% of Bicol Region inhabitants attend church weekly, compared to 68% as the nation’s whole.

History

Albay’s archaeology shows concrete evidence of trade with China, Malaya and Indonesia going back two thousand years. The first Spanish contact was in 1565, when a treasure-galleon returning to Cebu from Acapulco, Mexico, was swept off course and the captain recorded his awe at the sight of Mt. Mayon erupting. Mount Mayon is the most prominent of the several volcanoes in the province, and one of the most famous jewels of the Pacific Ring of Fire; its eruptions have repeatedly inflicted disaster on the province, and enriched the survivors. When at peace, it is a particularly beautiful mountain. Albay has a large amount of rich flat land, and agriculture is the largest component of the provincial economy. Coconuts, rice, abaca, and maize are the chief crops. Handicrafts bolster rural incomes. Commercial fishing is also important, and the province has several thousand manufacturing enterprises. There are plenty of places to visit, offering opportunities to swim at beautiful beaches, scuba-dive to wrecked galleons, explore caves, climb volcanoes, admire waterfalls, lush vegetation, Baroque architecture, etc.

Gold-mining and jewelry manufacture continue to distinguish the province. Agriculture and fishing are major factors in the province’s economy, and several handicrafts and small-scale industries are widely practiced. The region has recently seen a revival in its tourism industry, due mainly to the popularity of the new CamSur Water Sports Complex, the Mayon Volcano and the whale shark spotting and an increase in the number of upscale resorts in the region. Daet has long been a destination for surfers. It is hoped that the planned Southern Luzon International Airport will further boost tourism in the region.

In 1942, the Japanese Imperial forces entered in Bicol.

In 1945, beginning the liberation of Bicol on April 3 to April 4, 1945 we fought the battles by joint Filipino and American soldiers together with the local Bicolano guerillas against the Japanese forces during the Bicol campaign at the end in World War II.

Administrative divisions

Bicol is composed of six provinces and 7 cities.

Political map of Bicol Region

Since Naga City is an independent component city, figures are excluded from Camarines Sur province.

Component Cities

• Legazpi City, Albay
• Ligao City, Albay
• Tabaco City, Albay
• Iriga City, Camarines Sur
• Masbate City, Masbate
• Sorsogon City, Sorsogon

Independent Component City

• Naga City, Camarines Sur

v • d • e Philippines Capital Manila • National Capital Region Autonomous region Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Provinces Abra • Agusan del Norte • Agusan del Sur • Aklan • Albay • Antique • Apayao • Aurora • Basilan • Bataan • Batanes • Batangas • Benguet • Biliran • Bohol • Bukidnon • Bulacan • Cagayan • Camarines Norte • Camarines Sur • Camiguin • Capiz • Catanduanes • Cavite • Cebu • Compostela Valley • Cotabato • Davao del Norte • Davao del Sur • Davao Oriental • Dinagat Islands • Eastern Samar • Guimaras • Ifugao • Ilocos Norte • Ilocos Sur • Iloilo • Isabela • Kalinga • La Union • Laguna • Lanao del Norte • Lanao del Sur • Leyte • Maguindanao • Marinduque • Masbate • Misamis Occidental • Misamis Oriental • Mountain Province • Negros Occidental • Negros Oriental • Northern Samar • Nueva Ecija • Nueva Vizcaya • Occidental Mindoro • Oriental Mindoro • Palawan • Pampanga • Pangasinan • Quezon • Quirino • Rizal • Romblon • Samar • Sarangani • Siquijor • Sorsogon • South Cotabato • Southern Leyte • Sultan Kudarat • Sulu • Surigao del Norte • Surigao del Sur • Tarlac • Tawi-Tawi • Zambales • Zamboanga del Norte • Zamboanga del Sur • Zamboanga Sibugay Other subdivisions Island groups • Regions • Cities • Municipalities • Barangays • Legislative districts Territorial disputes Benham Rise • North Borneo (Labuan • Sabah) • Scarborough Shoal • Spratly Islands

Coordinates: 14°N 123°E? / ?14°N 123°E? / 14; 123

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Fresh cat litter

Cat litter (often called kitty litter) is one of any of a number of materials used in litter boxes to absorb moisture from cat feces and urine, which reduces foul odors such as ammonia and renders them more tolerable within the home.

Several kinds of cat litter are commercially available, enabling consumers to decide which factors are most important. Some cat owners are concerned about litter being tracked throughout the house, while others may look for litters that are biodegradable. Absorbency, odor control, texture, safety and cost are other considerations.

Non Clumping Conventional litter

One of the first commercially available cat litters was Kitty Litter, available in 1948 and marketed by Ed Lowe. This was the first large scale use of clay in litter boxes; previously sand was used. Clay litter is much more absorbent than sand, and its larger grain makes it less likely to be tracked from the litter box. The brand name Kitty Litter has become a genericized trademark, used by many to denote any type of cat litter.

Conventional clay litter is indistinguishable from clay-based oil absorbent (used to clean oil spills); as the latter is far less expensive, it is often used as a substitute. Non-clumping cat litter is often made of zeolite, diatomite and sepiolite.

Clumping litter

Close up of cat litter

Clumping litters were first developed in the UK in the 1950s by the Fuller’s Earth Union, later to become a part of Laporte Industries Ltd. The type of clumping litter developed by the FEU was calcium bentonite, a less swelling and less sticky type than American bentonite. Subsequently in America, clumping bentonite was developed in 1984 by biochemist Thomas Nelson. Most are made from granulated bentonite clay which clumps together when wet and forms a solid mass separate from the other litter in the box. This solid clumped material can be scooped out and disposed of without changing the entire contents of the litter box. However, the entire contents should be changed on a regular basis to prevent buildup of bacteria; every four to six weeks is recommended. At the same time, the litter box itself should be disinfected.

Approximately 69% of the cat litter market consists of clumping litter. Clumping litter usually also contains quartz or diatomaceous earth (sometimes called diatomaceous silica, which causes it to be mistakenly confused with silica gel litter). Because of the clumping effect, it is not recommended to flush clumping litters down the toilet. The top two clumping litters in the United States according to sales data are Fresh Step and Tidy Cats.

In recent years, there are increasing claims that clumping litter can be harmful to pets because if it is ingested or inhaled, it swells and solidifies inside them. This is thought to be particularly dangerous for kittens, who are more likely to ingest cat litter and less likely to recover easily. However, other than anecdotal testimonial, there has been little evidence for the claim, and no confirmed cases in the scientific literature.

Clumping clay cat litters also contain crystalline silica, or silica dust, which is a known carcinogen according to California Proposition 65. It has been proven to not be of a significant risk to humans, but there are no regulations or studies to show the affect of silica dust on cats. Clay litter has also come under scrutiny due to the fact that the clay used in its production is commonly stripmined in an environmentally degrading process.

Biodegradable litter

Biodegradable litters are made from various plant resources, including pine wood pellets, recycled newspaper, clumping sawdust, barley,and dried orange peel. The top two natural litters in the United States according to sales data are Feline Pine and World’s Best.

Each year, over 2 million tons of cat litter, or approximately 100,000 truckloads, ends up in landfills in the U.S. alone. Primarily this is not biodegradable or renewable and adds unnecessarily to the waste burden. Some pet owners prefer biodegradable litters due to its friendliness to the environment. Biodegradable cat litter can also be eliminated completely by safely composting the used litter at home. Other cat owners are attracted to the biodegradable litters because of their flushability or superior deodorizing properties. The natural litters are non-carcinogenic. Asthmatic cats may sometimes benefit from the reduced dust in some forms of biodegradable litter.

Biodegradable litter packaged specifically for cats tends to be more expensive than traditional clay litters, so cost is often not a positive factor in their selection. But most biodegradable litters last longer than the equivalent size of clay or clumping clay litters. Grain-based animal or poultry feed also provides an economical alternative to products marketed specifically as cat litter. Also, most of these forms of litter are recycled from human usage and are thus re-using a waste product as opposed to drawing clay from mines.

Silica gel litter

A cat using a silica filled litter box.

Silica gel litter City Cat, a porous granular form of sodium silicate, has the highest absorbency of any litter, and has excellent moisture and odor control. Cat lovers’ opinions about crystal cat litter are divided.

Some praise its absorbency because 4–5 lb (2 kg) can absorb liquid and odor for up to 30 days for one healthy normal weight cat. Stir it daily when scooping the solid waste, otherwise urine can pool in the box. When crystal litter is saturated, at the end of 30 days or so, it begins to smell and is visibly saturated. In comparison, over the same time period it may take 20–30 lb (9–14 kg) or more of clay or clumping litter, because you have to replenish the litter that is removed when the clumped urine is scooped out.

Others dislike that crystal litter gives them no warning when it is saturated; the next cat to use the litter box will leave a urine puddle at the bottom of the pan. Crystal litter is extremely lightweight, especially when compared to heavier clay and clumping litter.

Silica gel litter comes in two shapes: irregular lumps and small beads. Sizes range from 0.5 mm to 4 mm.

Flushing Cat Feces: Environmental and Health Impacts

1. Toxoplasma gondii is a species of parasitic protozoa in the genus Toxoplasma. The definitive host of T. gondii is the cat, but the parasite can be carried by all known mammals. Toxoplasmosis, the disease of which T. gondii is the causative agent, is usually minor and self-limiting but can have serious or even fatal effects on a fetus whose mother first contracts the disease during pregnancy or on an immunocompromised human or cat. The intestinal parasite produces millions of eggs (oocysts) which are then excreted. T.gonii eggs are highly resistant and can survive in the environment for well over a year.

2. Flushing cat feces can introduce T.gondii into waterways and eventually the ocean, causing harm to sea animals. T.gondii is resistant to chemicals introduced in water treatment facilities and is therefore discharged with sewage effluent. Once introduced into waterways, the spread of T.gondii has been found to impact sea otters. Seals, sharks, dolphins and shellfish may become infected as well.

3. Pregnant women can reduce risk from exposure to T.gondii as follows.

• Avoid changing cat litter if possible.
  • If no one else can perform the task, wear disposable gloves and wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water afterwards.
• Change the litter box daily.
  • The Toxoplasma parasite does not become infectious until 1 to 5 days after it is shed in a cat’s feces.
• Feed your cat commercial dry or canned food, not raw or undercooked meats.
• Keep cats indoors.
• Avoid stray cats, especially kittens.
• Do not get a new cat while you are pregnant.
• Keep outdoor sandboxes covered.
• Wear gloves when gardening and during contact with soil or sand because it might be contaminated with cat feces that contain Toxoplasma.
• Wash hands thoroughly after gardening or contact with soil or sand.

Litter for dogs

Although most owners housebreak their dogs (through paper training, crate training, or signaling to go out), enough people litter trained their dogs to make Purina manufacture a product sold specifically as dog litter, called Second Nature. Also, many biodegradable pelletized cat litters can be used for dogs.

See also

• Litter box

References

1. ^ ^{a b} “Cat Litter - To Scoop or Not to Scoop: The Clumping Clay Controversy”. http://cats.about.com/cs/litterbox/a/clumpingclay.htm. Retrieved on 30 November. 
2. ^ “1999 Prop 65 Regulatory Update”. http://www.calprop65.com/99regs.html. Retrieved on 30 November 2008. 
3. ^ “Cat litter and strip mining”. http://www.greenlivingtips.com/articles/50/1/Cat-litter-and-strip-mining.html. Retrieved on 30 November 2008. 
4. ^ Judd Alexander, In Defense of Garbage, Praeger 1993.
5. ^ “Tackling the carbon pawprint”. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2006/sep/23/practicaladvice.ethicalliving. Retrieved on 30 November 2008. 
6. ^ “Taxoplasmosis in Cats. College of Veterinary Medicine. Cornell University.”
7. ^ Conrad, Patricia.”Parasite Shed in Cat Feces Kills Sea Otters.”
8. ^ “CDC. Toxoplasmosis. Pregnant Women.”
9. ^ “Purina secondnature Housetraining Solution”. http://www.doglitter.com. 

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Don’t Fight It
Studio album by Red Rider
Released	1980
Genre	Rock
Length	38:51
Label	Capitol
Producer	Michael James Jackson
Professional reviews
Allmusic link
Red Rider chronology
Don’t Fight It (1980) As Far as Siam (1981)

Don’t Fight It is the debut album for the Canadian rock band Red Rider, which was released in 1980 (see 1980 in music). With the singles “White Hot” and “Don’t Fight It”, the album quickly reached gold status. The album was re-issued on CD July 29, 1994.

The album reached #146 on Billboard’s Pop Albums chart while “White Hot” reached #20 on the Canadian charts and #48 on the Pop Singles chart in 1980 and “Don’t Fight It” reached #75.

The song “White Hot” is about poet Arthur Rimbaud and his travels through Africa.

Track listing

1. “Don’t Fight It” (Cochrane) – 4:25
2. “How’s My Little Girl Tonight” (Cochrane) – 4:05
3. “Iron in the Soul” (Cochrane) – 3:00
4. “Make Myself Complete” (Cochrane) – 3:40
5. “Good News” (Boynton/Jones) – 3:59
6. “White Hot” (Cochrane/Greer) – 5:07
7. “Talkin’ to Myself” (Boynton) – 3:39
8. “Just the Way it Goes” (Cochrane/Greer) – 3:46
9. “Look Out Again” (Boynton/Cochrane) – 3:47
10. “Avenue ‘A’” (Cochrane) – 3:23

To Figure Ideal Body Weight

marine dock

Charles Daniel Neff (24 March 1922–16 July 1991) was a missionary who had a great impact on the mission and theology of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now the Community of Christ). He also founded the humanitarian agency Outreach International and the Community One Resources Development Inc. also known as CORD.

As an Apostle, a leadership position in the RLDS Church, from 1958 to 1984, he was responsible for helping start the church in Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, India, Nigeria, Liberia and Kenya.

His missionary work in these countries challenged him to rethink the church’s theology — opening it to the voices of other cultures — and confronted him with the horrific realities of massive poverty.

Early life and family

Born in Hardin, Missouri, USA in 1922, Neff grew up in a poor but not destitute rural family during the Great Depression. He was the first in his family to attend college, starting at Ottawa University in Ottawa, Kansas, eventually finishing with a BS in Economics from Central Missouri State Teachers College.

He served as an officer in the US Navy during World War II in the Pacific theater from 1943 to 1945. He saw heavy combat at the battles of Tarawa, Guam, the Philippines and Okinawa. When the war ended, he was sent to Japan as part of the occupation force and was in Hiroshima three weeks after the atomic bomb was dropped.

“There were hideous sights, like people whose flesh had been torn from bone and muscle so it hung down just like bundles of rags,” said Neff. This made an indelible mark on his heart, and he vowed to commit his life and work to helping the suffering.

He first encountered the Community of Christ (at that time, called the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) through Frances Dillon, who he later married. They had four children: Robert, Nancy, Susan and John.

Philosophy and theology

Neff believed that the entire gospel, and church doctrine, could be boiled down into two essential and non-negotiable principles “the reality of a personal God and the worth of humans.” He felt it was the church’s mission to incarnate these principles through social development, religious witness and political activism.

Neff particularly emphasized the importance of:

1. Community. He felt the church should help people “understand that they are fundamentally not individuals but a collective social being that finds fulfilment and satisfaction in interaction with all persons within that society.”
2. Indigenization and Cultural Sensitivity. Neff believed that “Once the gospel is brought to a nation the interpretation, expression, application, and communication of it should reflect a local, contemporary, and national color….” He objected to the term ‘missions abroad’ as “though they are a kind of ‘white man’s burden.’” Neff argued mission ought to be a “two-way street” with all cultures able to “be both senders and receivers” of missionaries.
3. Liberation for the Poor and Dispossessed. Drawing on liberation theology, Neff believed God ultimately favored the poor and oppressed, and worked for their liberation. He thus believed the church must also do so. He said, “When I think of the mission of the Church, I am frequently compelled to recall the face of the poorest and most helpless person I have ever seen and ask myself if the program we are undertaking will be of any use to that person. Will it restore him the dignity that every man should enjoy? Will it set him free? Will it heal his broken heart?”
4. Human Equality. In the late 1970s and through the 1980s, he worked hard to advocate for women’s rights within the church. He even suggested that the system of priesthood itself should be abolished because he felt it was an inherently hierarchical system.
5. Anti-Militarism. As a result of his experiences in World War II, and having observed the results of conflicts in Nigeria and the Philippines, he became quite distrustful of the use of military force. In an address to some 5000 people at the Community of Christ World Conference in 1982 he declared, “The fashioning of nuclear weapons and threatening to use them is a sin….” He helped found the Kansas City Interfaith Peace Alliance and was involved in the campaign against US-sponsored counterinsurgencies in Central America.

Further reading

• Matthew Bolton. (2005) Apostle of the Poor: The Life and Work of Missionary and Humanitarian Charles D. Neff. Independence, MO, John Whitmer Books. Published by the John Whitmer Historical Association. ISBN 0-8309-1225-8
• Matthew Bolton. (29 October 2005) “Neff’s Christian Outreach Took Him around the World.” The Examiner.

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Sanjiang

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Sanjiang may refer to:

• Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County, in Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
• Sanjiang College, in Nanjing, China
• Sanjiang Plain, in Heilongjiang, China

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjiang”
Category: Disambiguation pagesHidden categories: All disambiguation pages | All article disambiguation pages

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Rapid Weight Loss Mean

Gordonbrook Dam is the sole source of water supply for Kingaroy, Queensland; it was built in 1941 to provide water for the Royal Australian Air Force Training Base during WWII. In 1987 due to increased demand the dam wall was raised and the inundated area is now 229 hectares.

Fishing

A Stocked Impoundment Permit is required to fish in the dam.

nokia 6220 5mp

Manfred Kaltz

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Manfred Kaltz (born January 6, 1953 in Ludwigshafen am Rhein, West Germany) is a former German football player and manager.

Kaltz played in the Bundesliga for Hamburger SV and 13 times (1 goal) for FC Mulhouse in Ligue 1 after initially joining Mulhouse league rivals Girondins de Bordeaux 1989. He returned to Hamburg the season after, the consequence of the relegation of FC Mulhouse from Ligue 1 at the end of 1989-1990. Previously, Kaltz was forced to leave Hamburg, the club for which he had been a professional since the 1971-1972 season, after the authorities (e.g. Erich Ribbeck) had decided not to go on with the contract of the long-serving full-back. Their successors lured him back from France in September 1990 to give him the chance to serve his final year as a player at his old club.

In total he played in 581 Bundesliga games for Hamburger SV, to this day remaining the second greatest total of an individual in Bundesliga history. An expert in penalties, the Hamburg fan-favourite scored 53 of his 76 goals from the spot, a record in the Bundesliga.

Kaltz was famous for his right-footed crosses, which he hit with so much spin that they curved like a banana. They were affectionally called “Bananenflanken” (”banana crosses”). He often used this technique to set up hulking striker Horst Hrubesch, who often headed them into the opposing goal. Among his many achievements, Kaltz also holds the unenviable record of scoring the most own goals in the Bundesliga, 6.

v • d • e West Germany squad – UEFA Euro 1976 Runners-up 1 Maier • 2 Vogts • 3 Dietz • 4 Schwarzenbeck • 5 Beckenbauer • 6 Wimmer • 7 Bonhof • 8 Hoeneß • 9 Müller • 10 Beer • 11 Hölzenbein • 12 Worm • 13 Danner • 14 Bongartz • 15 Flohe • 16 Nogly • 17 Kaltz • 18 Kargus • Coach: Schön

v • d • e West Germany squad – 1978 FIFA World Cup 1 Maier • 2 Vogts • 3 Dietz • 4 Rüssmann • 5 Kaltz • 6 Bonhof • 7 Abramczik • 8 Zimmermann • 9 Fischer • 10 Flohe • 11 Rummenigge • 12 Schwarzenbeck • 13 Konopka • 14 D. Müller • 15 Beer • 16 Cullmann • 17 Hölzenbein • 18 Zewe • 19 Worm • 20 H. Müller • 21 Kargus • 22 Burdenski • Coach: Schön

v • d • e West Germany squad – UEFA Euro 1980 Winners (2nd title) 1 Schumacher • 2 Briegel • 3 Cullmann • 4 K. Förster • 5 Dietz • 6 Schuster • 7 B. Förster • 8 Rumenigge • 9 Hrubesch • 10 Müller • 11 K. Allofs • 12 Memering • 13 Bonhof • 14 Magath • 15 Stielike • 16 Zimmermann • 17 Del’Haye • 18 Matthäus • 19 Votava • 20 Kaltz • 21 Junghans • 22 Immel • Coach: Derwall

v • d • e West Germany squad – 1982 FIFA World Cup Runners-up 1 Schumacher • 2 Briegel • 3 Breitner • 4 K. Förster • 5 B. Förster • 6 Dremmler • 7 Littbarski • 8 Fischer • 9 Hrubesch • 10 Müller • 11 Rummenigge • 12 Hannes • 13 Reinders • 14 Magath • 15 Stielike • 16 T. Allofs • 17 Engels • 18 Matthäus • 19 Hieronymus • 20 Kaltz • 21 Franke • 22 Immel • Coach: Derwall

This biographical article related to a German football defender is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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Categories: 1953 births | Living people | German expatriate footballers | German footballers | Germany international footballers | Germany B international footballers | Germany under-21 international footballers | Hamburger SV players | FC Girondins de Bordeaux players | Expatriate footballers in France | FC Mulhouse players | German football managers | UEFA Euro 1976 players | UEFA Euro 1980 players | UEFA European Football Championship-winning players | 1978 FIFA World Cup players | 1982 FIFA World Cup players | First Bundesliga footballers | German football defender stubs

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