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Amateurliga Schwarzwald-Bodensee
Founded
1960
Disbanded
1978
Nation
Germany
State
Baden-Württemberg
Region
Württemberg
Promotion To
2nd Oberliga Süd 1960-63
Regionalliga Süd 1963-74
2nd Bundesliga Süd 1974-78
Number of Seasons
18
Replaced by
Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (III)
Verbandsliga Württemberg (IV)
Level on Pyramid
Level 3
Domestic Cups
Württembergischer Pokal
Last Champions 1977-78
SSV Reutlingen

The Amateurliga Schwarzwald-Bodensee was the highest football league in the southern region of the Württemberg FA and the third tier of the German football league system from its inception in 1960 to the formation of the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg and the Verbandsliga Württemberg below it in 1978.

Overview

The Amateurliga Schwarzwald-Bodensee was formed in 1960 in the southern half of Württemberg by splitting the Amateurliga Württemberg in two groups, north and south. It was a feeder league to the 2nd Oberliga Süd, after 1963 to the Regionalliga Süd and finally, after 1974, to the 2nd Bundesliga Süd. Until the establishment of the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg in 1978, it was the third tier of the football league system. The reason for splitting the league was to gain two possible promotion spots for teams from Württemberg by having two league champions, as Baden did with its two leagues.

The separation of Württemberg and Südwürttemberg results from the outcome of the 2nd World War when the state was split into two separate occupation zones. The north was in the US zone and the south in the French zone. Until 1950, the French zone had its own league in two groups, which then merged with the Landesliga Württemberg to form the Amateurliga Württemberg.

The winner of the Amateurliga Schwarzwald-Bodensee was not automatically promoted but rather had to take part in a promotion play-off to its league above. Usually, the champion would have to compete with the winners of the Amateurligas Südbaden, Nordbaden and Nordwürttemberg.

When the league was established in 1960, the founder members were:

• SC Schwenningen
• VfR Schwenningen
• FV Ravensburg
• FC Tailfingen
• VfB Friedrichshafen
• FC Wangen 1905
• FC 08 Villingen
• FV Ebingen
• FC Konstanz
• TSV Blumberg
• Olympia Laupheim
• TSV Burladingen
• SV Spaichingen
• FC Radolfzell
• FC Furtwangen
• FC Überlingen

In 1974, five of its clubs left the league to join the Amateurliga Südbaden instead, these clubs being FC Villingen, DJK Konstanz, FC Konstanz, FC Gottmadingen und FC Singen.

The SpVgg Lindau, in the league from 1962 to 1978 is actually a Bavarian club but playing in its neighbouring state due to the fact that Lindau is geographically closer to the teams from there.

During its 18 year existence, three clubs were always present in the league, the FC Tailfingen, FC Wangen and FV Ebingen.

Disbanding of the Amateurliga Schwarzwald-Bodensee

In 1978, the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg was formed to alow direct promotion to the 2nd Bundesliga Süd for the Amateure champion of the state. The teams placed one to five gained entry to the Oberliga while the teams placed six to thirteen were put into the new Verbandsliga Württemberg, now the fourth tier of the football league system. The last four teams were relegated to the Landesligas.

Admitted to the new Oberliga:

• SSV Reutlingen
• FV Biberach
• FC Tailfingen
• FV Ravensburg
• VfB Friedrichshafen

Relegated to the new Verbandsliga:

• BSV Schwenningen
• SV Tübingen
• FC Wangen 1905
• FV Ebingen
• TSV Ofterdingen
• SpVgg Lindau
• FC Tuttlingen
• TSG Tübingen

Relegated to Landesliga:

• SV Kreßbronn
• TSV Tettnang
• SG Aulendorf
• SV Weingarten

Winners of the Amateurliga Schwarzwald-Bodensee

1961 SC Schwenningen
1962 FC Hechingen
1963 VfB Friedrichshafen
1964 FV Ebingen
1965 FV Ebingen
1966 FC Villingen
1967 FC Tuttlingen
1968 FC Wangen
1969 VfB Friedrichshafen
1970 SV Tübingen
1971 FC Singen
1972 FC Singen
1973 FC Villingen
1974 FC Villingen
1975 SSV Reutlingen
1976 BSV Schwenningen
1977 SSV Reutlingen
1978 SSV Reutlingen

Bold denotes team gained promotion.

External links

• Das deutsche Fussball Archiv
• WFV: The Württemberg FA

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Look up Frenchie, Frenchy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Frenchie or Frenchy may refer to:

Nicknames

• Francois Allegre of Raggasonic band
• Stanley George “Frenchy” Bordagaray
• Franchelle “Frenchie” Davis
• Frenchy Martin
• John “Frenchy” William Fuqua

Fictional characters

• Frenchy the Clown
• Frenchy (by Tracey Ullman) in Small Time Crooks
• Fat Frenchy of “Food Fighters”
• “Frenchy” (by Didi Conn) in films Grease and Grease 2

Other

• Frenchie, a 1950 American film
• Frenchie (dog), a dog breed
• A speaker of French language

swarovski crystal puffer fish

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (December 2006)

The NESkimos are an independent American video game music cover band from St. Augustine, Florida. They are known for their songs based on video game music, as well as covers of songs from popular television shows and movies. They fancy themselves a video game cover band that, rather than try and recreate songs note-for-note), opt to artistically explore and expand upon the songs they cover, via creating additional parts (such as their cover of Grape Garden from Kirby’s Adventure) or creating lyrics (such as their cover of Norfair from Metroid). The NESkimos have gained a very fierce, loyal following on their web forums (fans refer to themselves as NESkimites), and they allow fans to download all their music, for free, from their website. They perform in clubs throughout the Southeast United States, and have made appearances at MAGfest and PAX (Penny Arcade Expo). In 2004, they were featured on MTV’s Ultimate Video Game Countdown (hosted by Seanbaby), where they discussed the impact that The Legend Of Zelda series has had on video gaming’s evolution, as well as their music.

Unfortunately, the NESkimos are plagued by the fact that many of their songs are on peer-to-peer networks, incorrectly tagged as being recorded by the older and more popular VGM cover band, The Minibosses.

History/about the band

Excerpt from the Official NESkimos FAQ follows:

Who are you guys?
Dr. Wily, Simon Belmont, and Mario. We got drunk one night in Florida and decided to start a band, leaving the world to be saved or taken over by someone else for a change.

The name ‘The NESkimos’ is a portmanteau combining the initials of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) with the word Eskimos. This is a nod both to the practice of third-wave ska bands in the early 1990s fabricating band names that somehow involve the word “ska” (i.e. Mephiskapheles, Bim Skala Bim, Skapone) and to the groundbreaking DOS-based Nintendo emulator NESticle, which the band’s founder Dr. Wily credits as giving him the idea to cover NES music.

As of February 2006, bassist Simon Belmont has left the band. Keeping with the Castlevania/bassist theme, the NESkimos have decided on the name for their new bass player: Trevor Belmont. He is also referred to as the Dog from Duck Hunt.

As of 17th January 2007, drummer Mario and bass player Dog from Duck Hunt had left the band in unrelated circumstances. A new bass player, yet to be named has signed on, and Dr Wily has announced that it is likely that future drums will be programmed. The synthetic drums have been jokingly referred to as “Drums Man”, a reference to the Megaman villain Dr. Wily’s naming conventions for all of his creations. This leaves Dr Wily as the only original member of the band still performing with them.

At the Penny Arcade Expo of 2006, the NESkimos featured a set of programmed beats, played through an MP3 player which Dr. Wily had left taped to the microphone stand on-stage when he left. It was later recovered, and offered up on eBay as “the first time you can buy a band’s drummer”.

Band members

Current lineup

The band members prefer not to go by their real names, and instead have adopted internet personae based on videogame icons.

• Dr. Wily - lead guitar, vocals
• Johntendo as The Passion - guitar
• Dylan - bass guitar
• Drum Man - Drums (MP3 Player)

Previous members

• Mario - drums
• Simon Belmont - bass guitar
• The Dog from Duckhunt aka Trevor Belmont - bass guitar
• the Double Kick pedal

A few songs also feature guitar solos from The Shredder, and one song features Napalm Man on alto saxophone.

Discography

Due to legal reasons, the NESkimos have not released any form of CD, but instead release all their songs in MP3 format on the internet, and provide album artwork.

• Battle - Perfect Selection (2002)
• Bloodshed (2003)
• Berserker (2004)

The NESkimos are planning on releasing a new album, Explod (originally titled Brutality), in 2007, as well as a purchasable “best-of” CD, The Strongening. They also plan to release an album in CD form, featuring the material they have recorded for their Penny-Arcade Expo 2007 show.

Track listings

Battle - Perfect Selection

1. “The Drawbridge/Simon’s Theme” (Castlevania 4)
2. “Punch-Out: Beyond The World Circuit (a tragedy)”
3. “Super Mario Brothers”
4. “Metal Gear”
5. “Mega Man 2 - Intro”
6. “Mega Man 2 - Wood Man”
7. “Mega Man 2 - Bubble Man”
8. “Mega Man 2 - Crash Man”
9. “Mega Man 2 - Air Man”
10. “Double Dragon”
11. “Ninja Gaiden II - Act 2 / Scene 2″
12. “Contra - Prologue”
13. “Contra - Code”
14. “Contra - Jungle”
15. “Contra - Base”
16. “Contra - Waterfall”
17. “Contra - Boss”
18. “Vampire Killer” (Castlevania)
19. “Mega Man 2 - Password”
20. “Mega Man 2 - Wily 1″
21. “Mega Man 2 - Wily 2 / Showdown”
22. “Mega Man 2 - The End”
23. “The Legend Of Zelda”

Bloodshed

1. “TMNT” (Features Guitar Solo by The Shredder)
2. “Bloody Bossanova” (Castlevania 2)
3. “Bad Dudes - Level 2″
4. “Hyrule Castle” (Zelda 3)
5. “Bionic Commando - Movement 1″
6. “Metal Gear: Infiltrate Outer Heaven”
7. “Kirby’s Adventure: Grape Garden” (Features Guitar Solo by The Shredder)
8. “F-Zero: Big Blue” (Features The Shredder on Lead Guitar)

Berserker

1. “Star Wars: Cantina of Fear”
2. “Ninja Gaiden - Duel and Revenge”
3. “Double Dragon 2 - Stigmata”
4. “Double Dragon 2 - Boss”
5. “Double Dragon 2 - Cutscene”
6. “Mega Man 3 - (Sea)Snake Man”
7. “Mega Man 3 - Spark Man”
8. “Bionic Commando - Movement II”
9. “Zelda Dungeon”
10. “Metroid: Norfair Tenement Blues”
11. “Mega Man X: Sigma Level 1″ (Features Napalm Man on alto saxophone)
12. “Mega Man 3 - Wily’s Castle 1″

Balance

The band is known to be working on the following tracks for Balance:

• Super Mario Bros. 3 Medley
• Monkey Island 2 Phatt Island
• Super C
• Castlevania Wicked Child
• Zelda Dungeon 9
• Bionic Commando Movement III
• Castlevania 3 Demon Seed
• Dr. Mario ‘Chill’
• Super Castlevania:
  • Rotating Room
  • Dungeon
  • The Caves
• F-Zero Port Town
• Kirby Super Star “Grande Marche Gourmetique”
• Castlevania II: Simon’s Quest Medley

See also

• The Minibosses, one of the very first game-music cover bands, focusing mainly on NES tunes.
• The Black Mages, a metal band founded by Nobuo Uematsu to play Final Fantasy arrangements.
• The Advantage, another band which plays covers of Nintendo theme music.
• The OneUps, another band which plays covers of video game music (although with a more jazz-inspired sound).
• MegaDriver, another band which plays covers of video game music, mostly of the Sega Genesis (or “Mega Drive” outside North America) but also plays Nintendo covers, with a heavy metal style.
• Press Play on Tape, another band which plays covers of video game music (Commodore 64 tunes as rock).
• The Megas, a band which covers Mega Man songs, adding lyrics to expand on the game’s story.

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The Afrotropic is one of the earth’s eight ecozones. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Desert, the southern and eastern fringes of the Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, southern Iran and extreme southwestern Pakistan, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. It was formerly known as the Ethiopian Zone or Ethiopian Region.

The Afrotropic Ecozone

Major ecological regions

Most of the Afrotropic, with the exception of Africa’s southern tip, has a tropical climate. A broad belt of deserts, including the Atlantic and Sahara deserts of northern Africa and the Arabian Desert of the Arabian Peninsula, separate the Afrotropic from the Palearctic ecozone, which includes northern Africa and temperate Eurasia.

Sahel and Sudan

South of the Sahara, two belts of tropical grassland and savanna run east and west across the continent, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Ethiopian Highlands. Immediately south of the Sahara lies the Sahel belt, a transitional zone of semi-arid short grassland and Acacia savanna. Rainfall increases further south in the Sudanian Savanna, also known simply as the Sudan, a belt of taller grasslands and savannas. The Sudanian Savanna is home to two great flooded grasslands, the Sudd wetland in the Sudan, and the Niger Inland Delta in Mali. The forest-savanna mosaic is a transitional zone between the grasslands and the belt of tropical moist broadleaf forests near the equator.

Southern Arabian woodlands

Forest zone

The forest zone, a belt of lowland tropical moist broadleaf forests, runs across most of equatorial Africa’s intertropical convergence zone. The Upper Guinean forests of West Africa extend along the coast from Guinea to Togo. The Dahomey Gap, a zone of forest-savanna mosaic that reaches to the coast, separates the Upper Guinean forests from the Lower Guinean forests, which extend along the Gulf of Guinea from eastern Benin through Cameroon and Gabon to the western Democratic Republic of the Congo. The largest tropical forest zone in Africa are the Congolian forests of the Congo Basin in Central Africa. A belt of tropical moist broadleaf forest also runs along the Indian Ocean coast, from southern Somalia to South Africa.

East African grasslands and savannas

• Acacia-Commiphora grasslands
• Serengeti

Eastern Africa’s highlands

Afromontane region, from the Ethiopian Highlands to the Drakensberg Mountains of South Africa, including the Great Rift Valley. Distinctive flora, including Podocarpus and Afrocarpus, as well as giant Lobelias and Senecios.

• Ethiopian Highlands
• Albertine rift montane forests
• East African montane forests and Eastern Arc forests

Southern African woodlands, savannas, and grasslands

• Miombo woodlands
• Zambezian Mopane and Baikiaea woodlands
• Bushveld

Deserts of southern Africa

• Namib Desert
• Kalahari Desert

Cape floristic region

The Cape floristic region, at Africa’s southern tip, is a Mediterranean climate region that is home to a significant number of endemic taxa, as well as to plant families like the proteas (Proteaceae) that are also found in the Australasia ecozone.

Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands

Madagascar and neighboring islands form a distinctive sub-region of the ecozone, with numerous endemic taxa like the lemurs. Madagascar and the Seychelles are old pieces of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana, and broke away from Africa millions of years ago. Other Indian ocean islands, like the Comoros and Mascarene Islands, are volcanic islands that formed more recently. Madagascar contains several important biospheres, as its Biodiversity and ratio of endemicism is extremely high.

• Madagascar dry deciduous forests
• Madagascar spiny thickets
• Eastern Madagascar lowland rainforests

Endemic plants and animals

Plants

The Afrotropic ecozone is home to a number of endemic plant families. Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands are home to ten endemic families of flowering plants; eight are endemic to Madagascar (Asteropeiaceae, Didymelaceae, Didiereaceae, Kaliphoraceae, Melanophyllaceae, Physenaceae, Sarcolaenaceae, and Sphaerosepalaceae), one to Seychelles (Mesdusagynaceae) and one to the Mascarene Islands (Psiloxylaceae). Twelve plant families are endemic or nearly endemic to South Africa (including Curtisiaceae, Heteropyxidaceae, Penaeaceae, Psiloxylaceae and Rhynchocalycaceae) of which five are endemic to the Cape floristic province (including Grubbiaceae). Other endemic Afrotropic families include Barbeyaceae, Montiniaceae, Myrothamnaceae and Oliniaceae.

Animals

Main article: Fauna of Africa

The East African Great Lakes (Victoria, Malawi, and Tanganyika) are the center of biodiversity of many freshwater fishes, especially cichlids (they harbor more than two-thirds of the estimated 2,000 species in the family). The West African coastal rivers region covers only a fraction of West Africa, but harbours 322 of West African’s fish species, with 247 restricted to this area and 129 restricted even to smaller ranges. The central rivers fauna comprises 194 fish species, with 119 endemics and only 33 restricted to small areas.

The Afrotropic has various endemic bird families, including ostriches (Struthionidae), sunbirds, Secretary bird (Sagittariidae), guineafowl (Numididae), and mousebirds (Coliidae). Also, several families of passerines are limited to the Afrotropics; These include rock-jumpers (Chaetopidae) and rockfowl (Picathartidae).

Africa has three endemic orders of mammals, the Tubulidentata (aardvarks), Afrosoricida (tenrecs and golden moles), and Macroscelidea (elephant shrews). The East-African plains are well known for their diversity of large mammals.

Four species of Great Apes (Hominidae) are endemic to Africa: both species of Gorilla (Western Gorilla, Gorilla gorilla, and Eastern Gorilla, Gorilla beringei) and both species of Chimpanzee (Common Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, and Bonobo, Pan paniscus). Humans and their ancestors originated in Africa.

Afrotropic Terrestrial Ecoregions

See also

• Global 200

External links

• Media related to Afrotropic ecozone at Wikimedia Commons
• Map of the ecozones
• African Invertebrates - A journal of Afrotropical biodiversity research

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Southern Maalhosmadulhu Atoll, Maalhosmadulhu South or Baa Atoll is an administrative division of the Maldives. It consists of two separate natural atolls, namely the southern part of Maalhosmadulhu Atoll (which is 42km long and 32km wide and consists of 10 inhabited islands) and the smaller natural atoll known as Goifulhafehendhu Atoll (Horsburgh Atoll in the Admiralty charts).

Situated on the west of the Maldives atoll chain, it consists of 75 islands of which 13 are inhabited with a population of over 11,000 people. The remaining 57 islands are uninhabited, in addition to five islands being developed as resorts.

Thulhaadhoo Island is traditionally well-known for its lacquerwork handicrafts.

Ecology

Maalhosmadulhu Atoll is also considered as a good example of the rich biodiversity found in the Maldives, including large mangroves and a unique diversity of fauna, such as the benthic fauna. Furthermore, the ring-shaped reef forms known as faru in the local language is a reef structure which is unique to the Maldives.

The southernmost uninhabited island of Olhugiri in the Baa atoll lies 13 km north of Goifulhafehendhu Atoll. Olhugiri is well-known for its unique natural vegetation and for providing two of the only perching sites for the Great Frigatebird in the Maldives. Likewise, other marine creatures such as seaturtles and hawksbill turtles can be encountered.

The Fisheries Ministry of the Maldives has banned catching turtles or taking eggs from Olhugiri, which also applies to 11 other islands.

Hanifaru Bay which is known locally as Vandhumaafaru Adi is though to be one the few places in the world where whale sharks congregate in to mate.

References

• Divehi T?r?khah Au Alikameh. Divehi Bah?i T?rikhah Khidmaiykur? Qaum? Markazu. Reprint 1958 edn. Malé 1990.
• Divehiraajjege J?graf?ge Vanavaru. Muhammadu Ibrahim Lutfee. G.S?san?.
• Romero-Frias, Xavier. The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom. Barcelona 1999.

See also

Reethi Beach

seadoo towable 3 person rafts

Oakenshaw, County Durham

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Oakenshaw is a village in County Durham, in England. It is situated to the north of Willington.

	This County Durham location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakenshaw,_County_Durham”
Categories: County Durham geography stubs | Villages in County DurhamHidden category: County Durham articles missing geocoordinate data

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Ways To Loose Weight Without Dieting

Adobe Bridge

Adobe Bridge CS4 running on Mac OS X Leopard
Developed by	Adobe Systems
Latest release	CS4 (3.0.0.464) / 23 September 2008; 98 days ago
OS	Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows
Type	File browsing/organization, image browser
License	Proprietary
Website	Adobe Bridge

Adobe Bridge is an organizational program created and released by Adobe Systems as a part of the Adobe Creative Suite. Its primary purpose is to link the parts of the Creative Suite together using a format similar to the file browser found in previous versions of Adobe Photoshop. It is accessible from all other components of the Creative Suite (except for the standalone version of Adobe Acrobat 8).

Adobe Bridge is also included with the stand-alone Photoshop application, and can perform certain Photoshop processing functions separately (and simultaneously) with Photoshop itself.

Adobe Bridge allowed for access to Adobe Stock Photos, an online collection of stock photography images drawn from well-known stock photo houses. However, the service was discontinued by Adobe on April 1, 2008 .

Bridge has many functions such as batch rename and other utilities to help with organization, and supports editing of digital images in Camera Raw format. Organizational features include assigning colored labels or star ratings to images, the ability to edit the XMP and IPTC Information Interchange Model metadata embedded within an image file, and the ability to work with different versions and alternates of a file that is part of an Adobe Version Cue project.

Image files can be shown in different sized thumbnails, slide shows or lists. Each folder, which can be bookmarked, has a cache file for speeding up rendering time of images when viewing a thumbnail. The cache can be in one central location or in individual folders.

Adobe Bridge is extensively customizable using JavaScript. The Adobe Stock Photos service is implemented as a Bridge Extension. The Bridge scripting guide is available online as well as in paperback.

See also

• XnView, a powerful image viewer
• Adobe Photoshop
• Adobe Lightroom
• Apple Aperture
• BlueMarine

References

1. ^ “Adobe Bridge is not included with the standalone version of Adobe Acrobat 8″, http://www.adobe.com/products/creativesuite/bridge/?xNav=WPBR, retrieved on 29 February 2008. 
2. ^ “Adobe Bridge included with the stand-alone Adobe Photoshop”, http://www.adobe.com/products/creativesuite/bridge/?xNav=WPBR, retrieved on 29 February 2008. 
3. ^ “Adobe Stock Photos”, http://www.adobeforums.com/webx/.3bba3d8c#What_is_Adobe_Stock_Photos_, retrieved on 29 February 2008. 
4. ^ “The Adobe Stock Photos service was discontinued by Adobe on April 1st, 2008″, http://www.adobe.com/products/creativesuite/stockphotos/?xNav=WSSP, retrieved on 16 May 2008. 
5. ^ “The cache in Adobe Bridge”, http://macgroup.infopop.cc/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/148101437/m/8411015231, retrieved on 29 February 2008. 
6. ^ “Adobe Bridge is extensively customizable using JavaScript”, http://www.adobe.com/products/creativesuite/pdfs/bridge_javascript_ref.pdf#search=%22Bridge%20Javascript%20reference%22, retrieved on 29 February 2008. 

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008)

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Mad hatter disease

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Mad hatter disease is a disease of the nervous system caused by mercury poisoning.

The name refers to the effects of chronic mercury exposure on hatters who had to work with mercury-treated fur and felt. It was an occurrence in the 1800’s.

This medical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_hatter_disease”
Categories: Toxicology | Medicine stubs

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• This page was last modified on 4 December 2008, at 10:50.
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bobcat steer

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia’s quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (October 2007)

Calle 19 Station in July 2004

The TransMilenio is a bus rapid transit system that serves Bogotá, Colombia. As of June 2007, the system runs throughout 8 lines, covering Av. Caracas, Calle 80, Autopista Norte, Av. Jiménez, NQS (”Norte Quito Sur”), Calle 13, Av. de las Américas, and Av. Suba. The system opened to the public on December 2000, covering Av. Caracas and Calle 80. Other lines were added gradually over the next 5 years, and the total length of the system is now 84 kilometres (54 miles). The project consists of seven phases: Phase III which consists of Carrera 10th, and Av. El Dorado that are to begin operations in 2010 and Carrera 7th, which is still in the middle of public debate.

Structure

Based on the model used in Curitiba, Brazil, TransMilenio consists of numerous elevated stations in the center of a main avenue, or “troncal”. Users pay at the station and await the arrival of the bus, whose doors open at the same time as the sliding glass doors of the station. A dedicated lane on each side of the station allows express buses to pass through without stopping while other buses stop to allow passengers in or out. International consulting firm McKinsey & Co. was hired as project manager and leading local investment bank Capitalcorp S.A. was assigned the financial structuring of the project.

The buses are diesel-powered, purchased from such manufacturers as the Colombian-Brazilian company Marcopolo-Superior, German conglomerate Mercedes-Benz, and Scandinavian based companies as Volvo and Scania. The buses are articulated (split into two sections with an accordion-like rotating middle to allow for sharp turns) and have a capacity of 160 passengers. On May 10th, 2007 a new larger bus with capacity for 270 passengers was presented to the public. This bus has three sections with two articulations and will be used in phase III of the BRT system.

Bus with double articulation, TransMilenio Headquarters, Bogotá, Colombia.

As of August 2007 there are 1,027 buses circulating on the troncal system and the fare is 1500 Colombian pesos for a single trip (about EUR 0.51 or USD 0.64, as of November 2008). Cards use a contactless smart card (MIFARE) system, and it is possible to purchase multiple trips for one card. Most users are distrustful and purchase only one or two trips at a time, due to problems with the cards at the launch of the system. Although the technical problems have been fixed, there are no financial incentives (discounts) for multiple purchases or public education campaigns (as have been recommended by urban planning consultants).

An additional set of 410 regular buses, known as “feeders” (alimentadores, in Spanish), transport users from certain important stations to many different locations that the main route does not reach. Unlike the main TransMilenio buses, feeders operate without dedicated lanes, are not articulated and are green (regular TransMilenio buses are red). There is no additional fare in order to use the feeder buses.

Although TransMilenio stations comply with easy access regulations by virtue of being elevated and having ramps leading to the entrance, the alimentadores are normal buses without handicapped accessibility. A lawsuit by disabled user Daniel Bermúdez caused a ruling that all feeder systems must comply with easy access regulations by 2004, but this has yet to occur.

Costs and ridership

According to a United States Transportation Research Board (TRB) Report, the construction cost per kilometer for the first phase of 41 kilometers was US$240 million, or US$5.9 million per kilometer. Daily ridership quickly reached 800,000. According to TRB, TransMilenio has since been expanded and ridership in early 2006 was 1,050,000 daily.

Eventually, there is a plan to build 388 kilometers of route, which will provide a very dense network of rapid transit for an urban area with an estimated land area of approximately 500 square kilometers. For example, Madrid covers nearly as much land area and has one of the most dense Metro systems in the world, with approximately 230 kilometers of route. TRB reports that the 388 kilometer system is projected to cost $3.3 billion, which is only 10 percent more than a previously proposed Metro of 30 kilometers would have cost.

The system is overseen by a public body, which awards contracts to private bus companies on a competitive basis. According to TRB, Private contractors are paid based upon the total number of kilometers that their vehicles operate.

Routes

In May 2006 the TransMilenio Route System changed dramatically, with new sections added to the system. Instead of being numbered, routes have a combination of letters and numbers. In order to fill the information gap TransMilenio made available an interactive guide that includes routes, stations, near by places and routes combination, in a simple and efficient form.

www.surumbo.com Official interactive guide of TransMilenio.

New lines are considered to be added, including one in Carrera 7 (North-Downtown) -which has been criticized as there are certain parts in which the system might not fit-, one in Calle 26 (Downtown-West (Airport)) and the other in Carrera 10 (Downtown-South).

Stations

There are five types of stations:

• Sencillas (Simple): local service stations, located approximately every 500 m.
• De transferencia (Transfer): allow transfer between different lines through a tunnel.
• Sin intercambio (No transfer): do not allow transfer from the north-south line to the south-north line; located in a stretch of the Autopista Norte
• Intermedias (Intermediate): service both feeder and trunk lines.
• Cabecera (Portal): near the entrances to the city. In addition to feeders and articulated buses, intercity buses from the metropolitan area also arrive at these stations.

All stations have electronic boards announcing the approximate arrival time of the next bus, and maps of the system. There are also station attendants to provide assistance to the passengers.

TransMilenio has 114 stations distributed as follows, in various areas throughout the city:

• Caracas between Calle 76 and Tercer Milenio: 14 stations
• Autonorte between Portal del Norte and Héroes: 15 stations
• Suba between Portal de Suba and San Martín: 14 stations
• Calle 80 between Portal de la 80 and Polo: 14 stations
• NQS Central between La Castellana and Ricaurte: 11 stations
• Américas between Portal de Las Américas and De La Sabana: 17 station (including Ricaurte station)
• NQS Sur between Comuneros and Portal del Sur (TransMilenio): 12 stations
• Caracas Sur between Hospital and Portal de Usme and Portal del Tunal: 16 stations
• Eje Ambiental: Museo del Oro and Las Aguas: 2 stations

Criticisms

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (December 2006)

Most users will agree that TransMilenio is a vast improvement over Bogotá’s previous public transit system, especially in comparison with the chaotic systems in place in cities like Lima, Peru. There are a number of criticisms based on the way the system works.

• Buses and stations are often packed even during non-rush hour periods.
• The use of diesel buses has a greater polluting impact in a high-altitude city like Bogotá than at sea level (Bogotá is 2,600 meters above sea level).
• The stations have uncovered spots where, when it rains, passengers cannot avoid getting wet as they walk from one end of the station to the other.
• Mirroring the experience with crowded transit systems of all modes, many users complain about pickpocketing inside the buses, a problem which is made worse by the great extent to which the buses are packed.

Protests

On May 2 and May 3, 2006, several groups of ordinary bus drivers not related with TransMilenio held a strike, protesting against some elements and consequences of the implementation of the system. They disagreed with the amount of monetary compensation that they would receive in exchange for the disposal of old buses (10 to more than 20 years old), traffic restrictions on the TransMilenio main lines, and a new Pico y Placa Ambiental in some city areas, that would restrict the schedules of buses older than 10-year-old to early morning hours in order to reduce pollution in the city.

Some of the larger bus companies, which participate in TransMilenio, also retired their conventional bus lines during the strike. Public transportation ground to a halt in much of the city, though TransMilenio and a number of other buses continued operating they could not cope with all of the demand. Acts of individual intimidation and violence against some private vehicles, TransMilenio and conventional buses occurred during the strike, as well as clashes between some of the strikers and the police.

Bogotá’s Mayor Luis Eduardo Garzón rejected the strike, firmly defended all of the measures as necessary for the city’s transportation future, and stated that he was only willing to discuss the specific details of their implementation, as well as a further democratization of TransMilenio’s operations, after the situation calmed down. During the second and final day of the strike, the local administration, the strikers and their companies agreed to begin talks.

During the strike, some protests included users of TransMilenio who complained because the buses were passing at a very low frequency. Several stations became so filled up that some people fell from them into the street. Even after the strike ended, some TransMilenio passengers have subsequently protested because they still find different aspects of the system to be inefficient and uncomfortable.

Security on TransMilenio

As in any other highly crowded area, users of TransMilenio must be aware that when riding the system they are exposed to pickpockets. Isolated instances of people getting mugged have been reported as well. Security on buses and in stations is handled by police officers employed by the city. However, most of the time the officers assigned are recently graduated high school students serving their mandatory year with the armed forces (’Policía Bachiller’). Higher ranking officers are assigned as supervisors and respond when a Policía Bachiller requests assistance.

See also

• List of bus rapid transit systems
• List of articulated bus systems

References

1. ^ TransMilenio - Orgullo Capital
2. ^ http://www.transmilenio.gov.co/nuevapagina/index.asp?id=151 TransMilenio web site statistics
3. ^ http://univerciudad.redbogota.com/ediciones/009/noticias02.htm

20 Pounds Over Weight

Suzanne Desprès

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Suzanne Desprès (December 16, 1875 - July 1, 1951), French actress, was born at Verdun, and trained at the Paris Conservatoire, where in 1897 she obtained the first prize for comedy, and the second for tragedy.

She then became associated with, and subsequently married, Aurélien Lugné-Poe (b. 1870), the actor-manager, who had founded a new school of modern drama, L’Œuvre, and she had a brilliant success in several plays produced by him.

In succeeding years she played at the Gymnase and at the Porte Saint-Martin, and in 1902 made her debut at the Comédie-Française, appearing in Phèdre and other important parts.

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Despr%C3%A8s”
Categories: 1875 births | 1951 deaths | French actors

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